62
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Field Reports: Excavation and Survey

Late Pleistocene Sea Levels and the Human Exploitation of the Shore and Shelf of Southern South Africa

Pages 133-155 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

  • van Andel, Tjeerd H., and Nikolaos Lianos 1984 “High Resolution Seismic Reflection Profiles for the Reconstruction of Post-glacial Transgressive Shorelines: An Example from Greece,” Quaternary Research 22: 31–45.
  • van Andel, Tjeerd H., and Judith C. Shackleton 1982 “Late Paleolithic and Mesolithic Coastlines of Greece and the Aegean,” Journal of Field Archaeology 9: 445–454.
  • Avery, D. M. 1981 “Holocene Micromammalian Faunas from the Northern Cape Province, South Africa,” South African Journal of Science 77: 265–273.
  • Avery, D. M. 1982a “Micromarrunals as Palaeoenvironmental Indicators and an Interpretation of the Late Quaternary in the Southern Cape Province, South Africa,” Annals of the South African Museum 85: 183–374.
  • Avery, D. M. 1982b “Upper Pleistocene Coastal Environments of the Southern Cape Province of South Africa: Micromammals from Klasies River Mouth,” Journal of Archaeological Science 9: 187–204.
  • Bada, J. L., and L. Deems 1975 “Accuracy of Dates Beyond the 14C Dating Limit Using the Aspartic Acid Racemization Reaction,” Nature 255: 218–219.
  • Barwis, J. H., and A. J. Tankard 1983 “Pleistocene Shoreline Deposition and Sea-level History at Swartklip, South Africa,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 53: 1281–1294.
  • Bigalke, E. 1973 “The Exploitation of Shellfish by Coastal Tribesmen of the Transkei,” Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) 9: 159–172.
  • Bigalke, E., and E. A. Voigt 1978 “The Interdisciplinary Aspects of a Study of Shellfish Exploitation by Indigenous Coastal Communities,” Bulletin of the South African Museums Association 10: 256–261.
  • Birch, G. F. 1980 “Nearshore Quaternary Sedimentation of the South Coast of South Africa (Capetown to Port Elizabeth),” Bulletin of the Geological Survey of South Africa 67: 1–20.
  • Birch, G. F., A. Duplessis, and J. P. Willis 1978 “Offshore and On-land Geological and Geophysical Investigations in the Wilderness Lake Region,” Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 81: 339–352.
  • Bloom, Arthur L. 1977 Atlas of Sea Level Curves. International Geological Correlation Program, Project 16. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University, Geology Department.
  • Brink, J. S., H. J. Deacon and 1982 “A Study of the Last Interglacial Shell Midden and Bone Accumulation at Herolds Bay, Cape Province, South Africa,” Palaeoecology of Africa 15: 31–39.
  • Butzer, Karl W. 1973 “Geology of Nelson Bay Cave, Robberg, South Africa,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 97–110.
  • Butzer, Karl W. 1978 “Sediment Stratigraphy of the Middle Stone Age Sequence at Klasies River Mouth, Tsitsilcama Coast, South Africa,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 33: 141–151.
  • Butzer, Karl W. 1979 “Preliminary Notes on the Geology of Die Kelders,” Annals of the South African Museum 78: 225–228.
  • Butzer, Karl W. 1982 “Geomorphology and Sediment Stratigraphy,” in Ronald J. Singer and John Wyrner, eds., The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 33–42.
  • Butzer, Karl W. 1984a “Archaeogeology and Quaternary Environment in the Interior of Southern Africa,” in Richard G. Klein, ed., Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironment. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1–64.
  • Butzer, Karl W. 1984b “Late Quaternary Environments in South Africa,” in J. C. Vogel, ed., Late Cainozoic Palaeodimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Rotterdam: Balkema, 235–264.
  • Butzer, Karl W., and David M. Helgren 1972 “Late Cenozoic Evolution of the Cape Coast Between Knysna and Cape St. Francis, South Africa,” Quaternary Research 2: 143–169.
  • Chappell, J. 1983 “A Revised Sea-level Record for the Last 300,000 Years from Papua, New Guinea,” Search 14: 99–101.
  • Chappell, J., and H. A. Polach 1976 “Holocene Sea Level Change and Coral Reef Growth at Huon Peninsula, New Guinea,” Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 87: 235–240.
  • Chappell, J., and N. J. Shackleton 1986 “Oxygen Isotopes and Sea Level,” Nature 324: 137–140.
  • Clark, James A., William E. Farrell, and W. Richard Peltier 1978 “Global Change in Postglacial Sea-level: A Numerical Calculation,” Quaternary Research 9: 265–287.
  • CLIMAP Project Members 1984 “The Last Interglacial Ocean,” Quaternary Research 21: 123–224.
  • Cockcroft, M. J., M. J. Wilkinson, and P. D. Tyson 1987 “Application of a Present-day Climate Model to the Late Quaternary in Southern Africa,” Climatic Change 10: 161–182.
  • Cronin, Thomas M. 1982 “Rapid Sea Level Change and Climate: Evidence from Continental and Island Margins,” Quaternary Science Reviews 1: 177–214.
  • Davies, Oliver 1978 “The Influence of Epeirogenetic Movements on Quaternary Shorelines of the Eastern and Southern Coasts of South Africa,” Palaeoecology of Africa 10/11: 149–154.
  • Davies, Oliver 1980 “Last Interglacial Shorelines in the South Cape,” Palaeontographica Africana 23: 153–171.
  • Davies, Oliver 1981 “A Review of Wilson’s Theory That the Last Interglacial Ended with an Ice-surge, and the South African Evidence,” Annals of the Natal Museum 24: 701–720.
  • Deacon, H. J., and V. B. Geleijnse 1988 “The Stratigraphy and Sedimentology of the Main Site Sequence, Klasies River, South Africa,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 43: 5–14.
  • Deacon, H. J., and J. F. Thackeray 1984 “Late Quaternary Environmental Changes and Implications from the Archaeological Record in Southern Africa,” in J. C. Vogel, ed., Late Cainozoic Pcdaeodimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Rotterdam: Balkema, 375–390.
  • Deacon, H. J., A. S. Talma, and J. C. Vogel 1988 “Biological and Cultural Development of Pleistocene People in an Old World Southern Continent,” in R. Prescott John, ed., Early Man in the Southern Hemisphere. Supplement to Archaeometty: Australian Studies 1988. Adelaide: The University of Adelaide, 523–531.
  • Deacon, H. J., Janette Deacon, A. Scholtz, Thackeray, J. F., and Brink, J. S. 1984 “Correlation of Palaeoenvironmental Data from the Late Pleistocene and Holocene Deposits at Boomplaas Cave, Southern Cape,” in J. C. Vogel, ed., Late Cainozoic Palaeodimates of the Southern Hemisphere. Rotterdam: Balkema, 339–351.
  • Deacon, H. J., V. B. Geleijnse, A. I. Thackeray, J. F. Thackeray, and M. L. Tusenius 1986 “Late Pleistocene Cave Deposits in the Southern Cape: Current Research at Klasies River,” Palaeoecology of Africa 17: 31–38.
  • Deacon, Janette, and N. Lancaster 1988 Late Quaternary Palaeoenvironments of Southern Africa. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Dingle, R. V. 1971 “Tertiary Sedimentary History of the Continental Shelfoff Southern Cape Province, South Africa,” Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 74: 173–186.
  • Dingle, R. V. 1973a “The Geology of the Continental Shelf between Luderitz and Cape Town (Southwest Africa) with Special Reference to Tertiary Strata,” Journal of the Geological Society of London 129: 337–363.
  • Dingle, R. V. 1973b “Regional Distribution and Thickness of Post-Palaeozoic Sediments on the Continental Margin of Southern Africa,” Geological Magazine 110: 97–208.
  • Dingle, R. V., and J. Rogers 1972 “Effects of Sea-level Changes on the Pleistocene Palaeoecology of the Agulhas Bank,” Palaeoecology of Africa 6: 55–58.
  • Dingle, R. V., and J. Rogers 1976 “Pleistocene Palaeogeography of the Agulhas Bank,” Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 40: 155–165.
  • Flemming, B. W. 1978 “Underwater Sand Dunes along the Southeast African Continental Margin—Observations and Implications,” Marine Geology 26: 177–198.
  • Flemming, B. W. 1980 “Sand Transport and Bedform Patterns on the Continental Shelf between Durban and Port Elizabeth (Southeast African Continental Margin),” Sedimentary Geology 26: 179–205.
  • Flemming, B. W. 1981 “Factors Controlling Shelf Sediment Dispersal along the Southeast African Continental Margin,” Marine Geology 42: 259–277.
  • Flint, Richard F. 1971 Glacial and Quaternary Geology. New York: John Wiley.
  • Gentle, R. I. 1971 “Pre-Quaternary Geology of the Continental Shelf Between Cape Infanta and Cape Town,” South African National Commission for Ocean Research (SANCOR), Technical Report 3: 13–27.
  • Goedc, A., and M. A. Hitchman 1987 “Electron Spin Resonance Analysis of Marine Gastropods from Coastal Archaeological Sites in Southern Africa,” Archaeometry 29: 163–174.
  • Haughton, S. H. 1969 Geological History of South Africa. Cape Town: Geological Society of South Africa.
  • Hays, James D. 1978 “A Review of the Late Quaternary Climatic History of Antarctic Seas,” in E. M. van Zinderen Bakker, ed., Antarctic Glacial History and World Palaeoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema, 57–81.
  • Hays, J. D., J. D. Lozano, N. J. Shackleton, and G. Irving 1976 “Reconstruction of the Atlantic and Indian Ocean Sectors of the 18,000 B.P. Antarctic Ocean,” Geological Society of America, Memoir 145: 337–372.
  • Hendey, Q. B., and P. T. Volman 1986 “Last Interglacial Sea Levels and Coastal Caves in the Cape Province,” Quaternary Research 25: 189–198.
  • Hobday, D. K. 1975 “Quaternary Sedimentation and Development of the Lagoonal Complex, Lake St. Lucia, Zululand,” Annals of the South African Museum 71: 93–113.
  • Hobday, D. K., and M. P. A. Jackson 1979 “Transgressive Shore Zone Sedimentation and Syndepositional Deformation in the Pleistocene of Zululand, South Africa,” Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 49: 145–158.
  • Hobday, D. K., and Anthony R. Orme 1974 “The Port Dumford Formation,” Transactions of the Geological Society of Africa 77: 141–149.
  • Hutson, William H. 1980 “The Agulhas Current during the Late Pleistocene: Analysis of Modern Faunal Analogs,” Science 207: 64–66.
  • Imbrie, John, James D. Hays, Douglas G. Martinson, A. McIntyre, J. J. Morley, Nicklas G. Pisias, Warren L. Prell, and Nicholas J. Shackleton 1984 “The Orbital Theory of Pleistocene Climate: Support from a Revised Chronology of the Marine 18O Record,” in Berger, A. L., ed., Milankovitch and Climate. Dordrecht: Reidel, 269–306.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1972 “Preliminary Report of the July through September 1970 Excavations at Nelson Bay Cave, Plettenberg Bay (Cape Province, South Africa),” Palaeoecology of Africa 6: 177–208.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1974 “Environment and Subsistence of Prehistoric Man in the Southern Cape Province, South Africa,” World Archaeology 5., 249–283.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1975a “Paleoanthropological Implications of the Non-archeological Bone Assemblage from Swartldip I, Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa,” Quaternary Research 5: 275–288.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1975b “Ecology of Stone Age Man at the Southern Tip of Africa,” Archaeology 28: 238–247.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1975c “Middle Stone Age Man-animal Relationships in Southern Africa: Evidence from Die Kelders and Klasies River Mouth,” Science 190: 265–267.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1976a “A Preliminary Report of the “Middle Stone Age” Open-air Site of Duinefontein 2 (Melkbosstrand, Southwestern Cape Province, South Africa),” South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 12–20.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1976b “The Mammalian Fauna of the Klasies River Mouth Sites, Southern Cape Province, South Africa,” South African Archaeological Bulletin 31: 75–98.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1977 “The Ecology of Early Man in Southern Africa,” Science 197: 115–126.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1978 “A Preliminary Report on the Larger Mammals from the Boomplaas Stone Age Cave Site, Cango Valley, Oudt-shoorn District, South Africa,” Annals of the South African Museum 81: 223–283.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1979 “Stone Age Exploitation of Animals in Southern Africa,” American Scientist 67 March–April: 151–160.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1980 “Environmental and Ecological Implications of Large Mammals from Upper Pleistocene and Holocene Sites in Southern Africa,” Annals of the South African Museum 81: 223–283.
  • Klein, Richard G. 1984 “The Large Mammals of Southern Africa: Late Pliocene to Recent,” in Richard G. Klein, ed., South African Pre-history and Paleoenvironment. Rotterdam: Balkema, 107–146.
  • Martin, A. R. H. 1962 “Evidence Relating to the Quaternary History of the Wilderness Lakes,” Proceedings of the Geological Society of South Africa 65: 19–42.
  • Martinson, Douglas G., Nicklas G. Pisias, James D. Hays, John Imbrie, Theodore C. Moore Jr., and Nicholas J. Shackleton 1987 “Age Dating and the Orbital Theory of the Ice Ages: Development of a High-resolution 0 to 300,000-year Chronostratigraphy,” Quaternary Research 27: 1–29.
  • Maud, R. R. 1968 “Quaternary Geology and Soil Formation in Coastal Natal,” Zeitschrift für Geomotphologie, Supplement Band 7: 155–199.
  • Mix, Alan C., and William F. Ruddiman 1984 “Oxygen-isotope Analysis and Pleistocene Ice Volumes,” Quaternary Research 21: 1–10.
  • Moore, W. S. 1982 “Late Pleistocene Sea Level History,” in M. Ivanovich and R. Harmon, eds., Uranium Series Disequilibrium: Applications to Environmental Problems in the Earth Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 481–496.
  • Netterberg, G. F. 1978 “Dating and Correlation of Calcretes and Other Pedocretes,” Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 81: 379–391.
  • Orme, Antony R. 1973 “Barrier and Lagoon Systems along the Zululand Coast, South Africa,” in D. R. Coates, ed., Coastal Geomorphol-ogy. Binghamton, NY: SUNY Binghamton, 181–217.
  • Parkington, John E. in press “A Critique of the Consensus View on the Age of the Howiesons Poort Assemblages in South Africa,” in P. Mellars and C. B. Stringer, eds., The Human Revolution: Behavioural and Biological Perspectives on the Origins of Modern Humans. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  • Prell, Warren L., and William H. Hutson 1979 “Zonal Temperature Anomaly Maps of Indian Ocean Surface Waters: Modern and Ice Age Patterns,” Science 206: 454–456.
  • Prell, Warren L., William H. Hutson, Douglas F. Williams, Alan H. W. Bé, and Barbara Molfino 1980 “Surface Circulation of the Indian Ocean during the Last Glacial Maximum, Approximately 18,000 yes B.P.,” Quaternary Research 14: 309–336.
  • Rightmire, G. P. 1984 “The Fossil Evidence for Hominid Evolution,” in Richard G. Klein, ed., Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema, 147–168.
  • Rogers, J. 1971a “Sedirnentology of Quaternary Deposits on the Agulhas Bank,” South African National Commission on Ocean Research (SANCOR), Marine Geology Programme, Bulletin 1.
  • Rogers, J. 1971b “Quaternary Sediments of the Agulhas Bank, Cape Point to Cape St. Francis,” South African National Commission on Ocean Research (SANCOR), Technical Report 3. Cape Town: SANCOR, 38–44.
  • Ruddiman, William R., and Jean-Claude Duplessy 1985 “Conference on the Last Deglaciation: Timing and Mechanism,” Quaternary Research 23: 1–17.
  • Schalke, H. J. W. 1973 “The Upper Quaternary of the Cape Flats Area (Cape Province, South Africa),” Scripta Geologica 15: 1–57. Leiden: Rijksmuseum voor Geologic.
  • Schweitzer, Franz R. 1979 “Excavations at Die Kelders, Cape Province, South Africa: The Holocene Deposits,” Annals of the South African Museum 78: 101–233.
  • Scott, L. 1984 “Palynological Evidence for Quaternary Palaeo-environments in Southern Africa,” in Richard G. Klein, ed., Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema, 65–80.
  • Shackleton, Nicholas J. 1977 “The Oxygen Isotope Record of the Late Pleistocene,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, 280: 169–182.
  • Shackleton, Nicholas J. 1982 “Stratigraphy and Chronology of the KRM Deposits: Oxygen Isotope Evidence,” in Ronald J. Singer and John Wymer, eds., The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 194–199.
  • Singer, Ronald, and John Wymer, eds. 1982 The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Slater, R. A. 1970 “Geomorphology and Cainozoic Geology of the Continental Shelf between Cape Seal and Cape St. Francis,” South African National Commission of Ocean Resesarch (SANCOR), Technical Report 2. Cape Town: SANCOR, 28–32.
  • Stringer, C. B. 1984 “Human Evolution and Biological Adaptation in the Pleistocene,” in Robert Foley, ed., Hominid Evolution and Community Ecology: Prehistoric Human Adaptation in a Biological Perspective. London: Academic Press, 55–83.
  • Tankard, Anthony J. 1975 “Cenozoic Sea-Level Changes: A Discussion,” Annals of the South African Museum (Proceedings of the South African Society for Quaternary Research) 71: 1–17.
  • Tankard, Anthony J. 1976 “The Stratigraphy of a Coastal Cave and its Palaeoclimatic Significance,” Palaeoecology of Africa 9: 151–159.
  • Tankard, Anthony J., and Frank R. Schweitzer 1974 “The Geology of Die Kelders Cave and Environs: A Palaeoenvironmental Study,” South African Journal of Science 70: 365–369.
  • Tankard, Anthony J., and Frank R. Schweitzer 1976 “Textural Analysis of Cave Sediments, Die Kelders, Cape Province, South Africa,” in D. A. Davidson and M. L. Shackley, eds., Geoarchaeology: Earth Science and the Part. London: Duckworth, 289–315.
  • Thackeray, J. F. 1987 “Late Quaternary Environmental Changes Inferred from Small Mammalian Fauna, Southern Africa,” Climatic Change 10: 285–306.
  • van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1976a “Late Quaternary Environmental Changes in Southern Africa,” Annals of the South African Museum 71: 141–152.
  • van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1976b “The Evolution of the Late Quaternary Palaeoclimates of Southern Africa,” Palaeoecology of Africa 9: 160–202.
  • van Zinderen Bakker, E. M. 1982 “African Palaeoenvironments, 18000 Years B.P.,” Palaeoecology of Africa 15: 77–99.
  • Voigt, E. A. 1982 “The Molluscan Fauna,” in Ronald J. Singer and John Wymer, eds., The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 155–186.
  • Volman, T. P. 1978 “Early Archaeological Evidence for Shellfish Collecting,” Science 201: 911–913.
  • Volman, T. P. 1981 The Middle Stone Age in the Southern Cape. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms.
  • Volman, T. P. 1984 “Early Prehistory of Southern Africa”; in Richard G. Klein, ed., Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments. Rotterdam: Balkema, 169–220.
  • Watson, A., D. P. Williams, and A. S. Goudie 1984 “The Palaeo-environmental Interpretation of Colluvial Sediments and Palaeosols of the Late Pleistocene Hypothermal in Southern Africa”; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 45: 225–249.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.