Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis through the Use of Translatoric Manipulation and Lumbar Flexion Exercises: A Case Series

REFERENCES

• Alvarez J, Hardy R. Lumbar spine stenosis: A common cause of back and leg pain. Am Fam Phys 1998;57:1825–1834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JA, Ersek, Herron, M. Surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis: Attempted meta-analysis of the literature. Spine 1992;17:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitman JM, Flynn TW, Fritz JM. Nonsurgical management of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: A literature review and a case series of three patients managed with physical therapy. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2003;14:77–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fanuele JC, Birkmeyer NJO, Abdu WA, et al. The impact of spinal problems on the health status of patients: Have we underestimated the effect? Spine 2000;25:1509–1514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart LG, Deyo RA, Cherkin DC. Physician office visits for low back pain: Frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a US national survey. Spine 1995;1:11–19.
   Google Scholar
• Fritz J, Delitto A, Welch W, Erhard R. Lumbar spinal stenosis: A review of current concepts in evaluation, management, and outcome measurements. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:700–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak J. Current concepts review: Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg 1998;80A:1053–1066.
   Google Scholar
• Boden SD, Davis DO, Dina TS, et al. Abnormal magnetic resonance scans of the lumbar spine in asymptomatic subjects: A prospective investigation. J Bone Joint Surg 1990;72:403–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenson MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, et. al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med 1994;331:69–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter R. Spinal stenosis and neurogenic claudication. Spine 1996;21:2046–2052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amundsen T, Weber H, Lilleas F, Nordal H, Abdelnoor M, Magnaes B. Lumbar spinal stenosis: Clinical and radiologic features. Spine 1995;20:1178–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saint-Louis L. Lumbar spinal stenosis assessment with computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and myelography. Clin Orthop 2001;384:122–136.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amundsen T, Weber H, Lilleas F, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis: Conservative or surgical management? A prospective 10-year study. Spine 2000;25:1424–1436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herno A, Airaksinen O, Tapani S, et al. Computed tomography findings 4 years after surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis: No correlation with clinical outcome. Spine 1999;24:2234–2239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagler W, Hausen H. Conservative management of lumbar spinal stenosis. Identifying patients likely to do well without surgery. Postgrad Med 1998;103:69–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi K, Miyazaki T, Takino T, Matsui T, Tomita K. Epidural pressure measurements : Relationship between epidural pressure and posture in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1995;20:650–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zdeblick T.A. The treatment of degenerative lumbar disorders: A critical review of the literature. Spine 1995;20:126S-137S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yone K, Sakou T, Kawauchi Y, Yamaguchi M, Yanase M. Indications of fusion for lumbar spinal stenosis in elderly patients and its significance. Spine 1996;21:242–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray C. Lumbar pathoanatomy: Soft and hard-tissue decompression. In: White A, ed. Spine Care: Operative Treatment. Vol II. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc., 1995:1250–1265.
   Google Scholar
• Johnsson K, Rosen I, Uden A. The natural course of lumbar spinal stenosis. Clin Orthop 1992;279:82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simotas AC, Dorey FJ, Hansraj KK, Cammisa F. Nonoperative treatment for lumbar spinal stenosis: Clinical and outcome results and a 3-year survivorship analysis. Spine 2000;25:197–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkaldy-Willis WH. Manipulation. In: Kirkaldy-Willis WH, ed. Managing Low Back Pain. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone, 1983: 175–183.
   Google Scholar
• Hall S, Bartleson JD, Onofrio BM, et al. Lumbar spinal stenosis: Clinical features, diagnostic procedures, and results of surgical treatment in 68 patients. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:271–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katz JN, Dalgas M, Stucki G, Katz NP, Bayley J, Fossel AH, Chang LC, Lipson SJ. Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis: Diagnostic value of the history and physical examination. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1236–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyck P, Doyle JB. “Bicycle test” of Van Gelderen in diagnosis of intermittent cauda equina compression syndrome. J Neurosurg 1977;46:667–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenhula J, Lenke LG, Bridwell KH, Gupta P, Riew D. Prospective functional evaluation of the surgical treatment of neurogenic claudication in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord 2000;13:276–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomas SA. Spinal stenosis: History and physical examination. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2003;14:29–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fedorak C, Ashworth N, Marshall J, Paull H. Reliability of the visual assessment of cervical and lumbar lordosis. Spine 2003;28:1857–1859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober P. Lendenwirbelsaule und Kreuzschmerzen [Lumbosacral pain]. Munchen Med Wchnschr 1937;84:336–338.
   Google Scholar
• Macrae IF, Wright V. Measurement of back movement. Ann Rheum Dis 1969;28:584–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams R, Binkley J, Bloch R, Goldsmith CH, Minuk T. Reliability of the modified Schober and double inclinometer methods for measuring lumbar flexion and extension. Phys Ther 1993;73:33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene WB, Heckman JD. The Clinical Measurement of Joint Motion. 1st ed. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Lyle MA, Manes S, McGuinness M, Ziaei S, Iversen MD. Relationship of physical examination findings and self-reported symptom severity and physical function in patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther 2005;85:120–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Erhard RE, Delitto A, Welch WC, Nowakowski PE. Preliminary results of the use of a two-stage treadmill test as a clinical diagnostic tool in the differential diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis. J Spinal Disord 1997;10:410–416.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yukawa Y, Lenke LG, Tenhula J, Briwell KH, Riew KD, Blanke K. A comprehensive study of patients with surgically treated lumbar spinal stenosis with neurogenic claudication. J Bone Joint Surg 2002;84A:1954–1959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaltenborn FM The Spine, Basic Evaluation and Mobilization Techniques. 2nd ed. Oslo, Norway: Olaf Norlis Bokhandel, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Inscoe EL, Witt PL. Reliability in evaluation of passive intervertebral motion of the lumbar spine. J Manual Manipulative Ther 1995;3:135–143.
   Google Scholar
• Huijbregts PA. Spinal motion palpation: A review of reliability studies. J Manual Manipulative Ther 2002;10:24–39.
   Google Scholar
• Grafton KV, Foster NE, Wright CC. Test-retest reliability of the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire: Assessment of intraclass correlation coefficients and limits of agreement in patients with osteoarthritis. Clin J Pain. 2005;21:73–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt RK, Fairbank JCT, Virr A. The reliability of the Shuttle Walking test, the Swiss Spinal Stenosis Questionnaire, the Oxford Disability Index in the assessment of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 2002;27:84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbank JCT, Couper J, Davies JB, O’Brien JP. The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire. Physiother 1980;56:271–273.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson M, Keating JL. A comparison of five low back disability questionnaires: Reliability and responsiveness. Phys Ther 2002;82:8–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritz JM, Irrgang JJ. A comparison of a modified Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale. Phys Ther 2001;81:776–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousignant M, Poulin L, Marchand S, Viau A, Place C. The modified Schober test for range of motion assessment of lumbar flexion in patients with low back pain: A study of criterion validity, intra- and inter-rater reliability and minimum metrically detectable change. Disabil Rehabil 2005;20:553–559.
   Google Scholar
• Deen H, Zimmerman RS, Lyons MK, Malcom MC, McPhee MD, Verheijde JL, Lemens SM. Use of the exercise treadmill to measure baseline functional status and surgical outcome in patients with severe lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1998; 23:244–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deen HG, Zimmerman RS, Lyons MK, McPhee MC, Verheijde JL, Lemens SM. Measurement of exercise tolerance on the treadmill in patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis: A useful indicator of functional status and surgical outcome. J Neurosurg 1995;83:27–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deen HG, Zimmerman RS, Lyons MK, McPhee MC, Verheijde JL, Lemens SM. Test-retest reproducibility of the exercise treadmill examination in lumbar spinal stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:1002–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evjenth O, Gloeck C. Spinal Mobilization Translatory Thrust Technique. 2nd ed. Minneapolis, MN: OPTP, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Krauss J, Evjenth O, Creighton D. Translatoric Spinal Manipulation for Physical Therapists. Rochester, MI: Independent Publisher Lakeview Media, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Infusa A, An HS, Lim TH, et al. Anatomic changes of the spinal canal and intervertebral foramen associated with flexion-extension movement. Spine 1996;21:2412–2420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonstrom N, Lindahl S, Willen J, et al. Dynamic changes in the dimensions of the lumbar spinal canal: An experimental study in vitro. J Orthop Res 1989;7:115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willen J, Danielson B, Gaulitz A, et al. Dynamic effects on the lumbar spinal canal: Axially loaded CT-myelography and MRI in patients with sciatica and/or neurogenic claudication. Spine 1997;22:2968–2986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Creighton DS. Positional distraction: A radiologic confirmation. J Manual Manipulative Ther 1993;3:83–86.
   Google Scholar
• Portney LG, Watkins MP. Foundations of Clinical Research: Applications to Practice. 2nd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Health; 2000:171–172.
   Google Scholar