13
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Bacterial Pneumonia in Adult Patients with HIV Infection

Pages 292-306 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

REFERENCES

  • Lane HC, Masur H, Edagar LC, Whalen G, Rook AH, Fauci AS. Abnormalities of B-cell activation and immunoreg-ulation in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 453–458.
  • Poli G, Bottazzi B, Acero R, et al. Monocyte function in intravenous drug abusers with lymphadenopathy syndrome and in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: selective impairment of chemotaxis. Clin Exp Immunol 1985; 62: 128–132.
  • Lazzarin A, Uberti Foppa C, Galli M, Mantovani A, Poli G, Franzetti F, Novati R. Impairment of polymorphonu-clear leukocyte function in patients with acquired immunode-ficiency syndrome and with lymphadenopathy syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 1986; 65: 105–111.
  • Selwyn PA, Reingold AR, Hartel D, Schoenbaum EE, Alderman MH, Klein RS, Friedland GH. Increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected intravenous drug users without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. AIDS 1988; 2: 267–72.
  • Centers for Disease Control. Increase in pneumonia mortality among young adults and the HIV epidemic - New York City, United States. mmvcrR, 1988; 37: 593.
  • Schrager LK. Bacterial infections in AIDS patients. AIDS 1988; 2: 5183–9.
  • Ammann AJ, Schiffman G, Abrams D, Volberding P, Ziegler J, Conant M. B-cell immunodeficiency in acquired immune deficiency syndrome. JAMA 1984; 251: 1447–9.
  • Bowen DL, Lane HC, Fauci AS. Immunopathogenesis of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1985: 103:704–9.
  • Wallace JM, Vijaya Rao A, Glassroth J, et al. Respiratory illness in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infec-tion. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1523–9.
  • Magnenat JL, Nicod LP, Auckenthaler R, Junod AF. Mode of presentation and diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Am Rev Resp Dis 1991; 144: 917–2.
  • Polsky B, Gold JWM, Whimbey E, Dryjanski J, Brown AE, Schiffman G, Armstrong D. Bacterial pneumonia in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 38–41.
  • Witt DJ, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1987; 82: 900–906.
  • Rolston KV, Uribe-Botero G, Mansell WA. Bacterial infections in adult patients with the acquired immunodefi-ciency syndrome (AIDS) and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1987; 83: 604–605.
  • Murray JF, Mills J. Pulmonary infectious complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141: 1356–72.
  • White S, Tsou E, Waldhom RE, Katz P. Life-threaten-ing bacterial pneumonia in male homosexuals with laboratory features of the acquired immunodeficiency virus. Chest 1985; 87: 486–8.
  • Nichols L, Balogh K, Silverman M. Bacterial infections in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92: 787–90.
  • Nash G, Fligiel S. Pathologic features of the lung in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): an autopsy study of seventeen homosexual males. Am J Clin Pathol 1984; 81: 6–12.
  • Marchevsky A, Rosen MJ, Chrystal G, Kleinerman J. Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a dinicopathologic study of 70 cases. Hum Pathol 1985; 16: 659–670.
  • Niedt GW, Schinella RA. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clinicopathologic study of 56 autopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985; 109: 727–34.
  • Wilkes MS, Fortin AH, Felix JC, Godwin TA, Thompson WG. Value of necropsy in acquired immunodefi-ciency syndrome. Lancet 1988;ii:85–88.
  • Whimbey E, Gold JW, Polsky B, et al. Bacteremia and fungemia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 511–514.
  • Stover DE, White DA, Romano PA, Gellene RA, Robeson WA. Spectrum of pulmonary diseases associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1985; 78: 429–37.
  • Murray JF, Felton CP, Garay SM, Gottlieb MS, Hopewell PC, Stover DE, Teirstein A. Pulmonary complica-tions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: report of a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute workshop. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1682–8.
  • Smith JW, Bartlett MS. Laboratory diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Clin Lab Med 1988; 2: 393–401.
  • Peruzzi WT, Shapiro BA, Noskin GA, et al. Concurrent bacterial lung infection in patients with AIDS, PCP, and respiratory failure. Chest 1992; 101: 1399–1403.
  • Moreno S, Martinez R, Barros C, Gonzalez-Lahoz, Garcia-Delgado E, Bouza E. Latent H.influenzae pneumonia in patients infected with HIV. AIDS 1991; 5: 967–970.
  • Franzetti F, Mena M, Gori A, Romaniello A, Cemuschi M, Grassini A, DeglInnocenti M. Infezioni pneumococciche in corso di infezione da HIV. Giorn Ital AIDS 1994; 5: 152–6.
  • Rosenberg ZF, Fauci AS. The immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. Adv Immunol 1989; 47: 377–431.
  • Miller RF, Foley NM, Kessel D, Jeffery AA. Community acquired lobar pneumonia in patients with HIV infection and AIDS. Thorax 1994; 49: 367–8.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MM\XTR 1992; 41: 1–21.
  • Janoff EN, Breiman RF, Daley CL, Hopewell PC. Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 314–24.
  • Garda-Leoni ME, Moreno S, Rodeno P, Cercenado E, Vicente T, Bouza E. Pneumococcal pneumonia in adult hos-pitalized patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Intern Med 1992; 152: 1808–12.
  • Centers for Disease Control. Pneumococcal polysaccha-ride vaccine. MM\XTR. 1981; 30: 410–2.
  • Chou MY, Brown AE, Blevins A, Armstrong D. Severe pneumococcal infection in patient with neoplastic disease. Cancer 1983; 51: 1546–50.
  • Gilks CF. Pneumococcal disease and HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 393.
  • Simberkoff MS, El Sadr W, Schiffman G, Rahal JJ Jr. Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and bacteremia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, with a report of pneumococcal vaccine failure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 130: 1174–6.
  • Kovacs JA, Hiemenz JW, Macher AM, Stover DE, Murray HW, Shelhamer J. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: a comparison between patients with the acquired immunodefi-ciency syndrome and patients with other immunodeficiencies. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 663–71.
  • Redd SC, Rutherford GW, Sande MA, Lifson AR, Hadley WK, Facklam RR, Spika JS. The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bac-teremia in S.Francisco. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 1012–7.
  • Blumberg HM, Rimland D. Nosocomial infection with penicillin-resistant pneumococci in patients with AIDS. J Infect Dis 1989; 160: 727–8.
  • Barry MA, Craven DE, Finland M. Serotypes of Streptococcus pneumonia isolated from blood cultures at Boston City Hospital between 1979 and 1982. J Infect Dis 1984; 149: 449–52.
  • Schuchat A, Brome CV, Hightower A, Costa SJ, Parkin W. Use of urveillance of invasive pneumococcal disease to estimate the size of the immunosuppressed HIV-infected population. JAMA 1991; 265: 3275–9.
  • Austrian R, Gold J. Pneumococcal bacteremia with a special reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1964; 60: 759–76.
  • Krumholz HM, Sande MA, Lo B. Community-acquired bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical presentation, bacteriology and outcome. Am J Med 1989; 86: 776–779.
  • Rodriguez Barradas MC, Musher DM, Hamill RJ, Dowell M, Todd Bagwell J, Sanders CV. Unusual manifesta-tions of pneumococcal infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 192–9.
  • Appelbaum PC. World-wide development of antibiotic resistance in pneumococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1987; 6: 367–77.
  • Friedland IR, McCracken GH Jr. Management of infec-tions caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 377–82.
  • Istorico LJ, Bradsher RW, Abernathy RS, Vannier A, Martin RE. Community-acquired pneumonia with penicillin-resistant pneumococci in a patient with AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4: 1164.
  • Chidiac C, Alfandari S, Libbrecht E, et al. Infections bacteriennes chez les patients infectes par he VIH: Fexperi-ence du CISIH France-Nord. Med Mal Infect 1994; 24: 5723–7.
  • Pallares R, Guidol F, Linares JJ, et al. Risk factors and response to antibiotic therapy in adults with bacteremic pneu-monia caused by penicillin-resistant pneumococci. N Engl J Med 1987; 317: 18–22.
  • Pallares, Ward J. Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical and epidemiological aspects. Rev Infect Dis 1981; 3: 254–66.
  • Alvarez S, Guarderas J, Shell CG. Nosocomial pneumo-coccal bacteremia. Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1509–12.
  • Cooper B, Lawlor M. Pneumococcal bacteremia during ciprofloxacin therapy for pneumococcal bacteremia. Am J Med 1989; 87: 475.
  • Hughes WT, Rivera GK, Schell MJ, Thornton D, Lott L. Successful intermittent chemoprophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1627–32.
  • Schlamm HT, Yancovitz SR. Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia in young adults with AIDS, ARC, or risk of AIDS. Am J Med 1989; 86: 11–4.
  • Casadevall A, Dobroszicki JJ, Small C, Pirofski LA. Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteremia in adults with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Am J Med 1992; 92: 587–590.
  • Franzetti F, Gori A, Cernuschi M, Degl'Innocenti M, Grassini A, Romaniello N, Moroni M. Treatment of Haemophilus species pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. In: Recent Advances in Chemotherapy. Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Chemotherapy. Stockholm, International Society of Cemotherapy, 1993: 674-5.
  • Jacobson MA, Gellermann H, Chambers H. Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and recurrent staphylococ-cal infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and AIDS-related complex. Am J Med 1988; 85: 172–6.
  • Walzer PD, Perl DP, Krogstad DJ, Rawson PG, Schultz MG. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the United States: epidemiologic, diagnostic, and clinical features. Ann Intern Med 1974; 80: 83–93.
  • Levine SJ, White DA, Fels AOS. The incidence and significance of Staphylococcus aureus in respiratory cultures from patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 14: 89–93.
  • Vandenbroucke-Grauls C. Epidemiology of staphylo-coccal infection - A European perspective. J Chemother 1994; 6 (supp1.2):67-70.
  • Franzetti F, Cernuschi M, Esposito R, Moroni M. Pseudomonas infections in patients with AIDS and AIDS-related complex. J Intern Med 1992; 231: 437–43.
  • Baron AD, Hollander H. Pseudomonas aeruginosa bronchopulmonary infection in late human immunodeficiency virus disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1993; 148: 992–6.
  • Schuster MC, Norris AH. Community-acquired Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in patients with HIV infection. AIDS 1994; 8: 1437–41.
  • Schimpff SC, Moody M, Young VM. Relationship of colonization with Pseudomonas aeruginosa to development of Pseudomonas bacteremia in cancer patients. In: Hobby GL, Ed. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 1970. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology; 1971: 240-248.
  • Durack DT. Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a ubiquitous pathogen. In: Schaechter M, Medoff G, Schlessinger D, Ed. Mechanisms of microbial disease. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1989: 276-282.
  • Nelson MR, Shanson DC, Barter GJ, Hawkins DA, Gazzard BG. Pseudomonas septicaemia associated with HIV. AIDS 1991; 5: 761–3.
  • Hamilton JR, Overall JC. Synergistic infection with a murine cytomegalovirus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mice. J Infect Dis 1978; 137: 775–81.
  • Tillotson JR, Lerner AM. Characteristics of nonbac-teremic Pseudomonas pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1968; 68: 295–300.
  • Eng RHK, Bishburg E, Smith SM, Geller H, Kapila R. Bacteremia and fungemia in patients with acquired immunod-eficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1986; 86: 105–7.
  • Shanson CD. Septicemia in patients with AIDS. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 1990; 84 (suppl):14-6.
  • Pennington JE, Reynolds HY, Carboe PP. Pseudomonas pneumonia. A retrospective study of 36 cases. Am J Med 1973; 55: 155–60.
  • Kiehlofner M, Atmar RL, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Life-threatening Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 403–11.
  • Wollshlager CM, Khan FA, Chitkara RK, Shivarom U. Pulmonary manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Chest 1984; 85: 197–202.
  • Doig C, Gill MJ, Church DL. Rhodococcus equi - an easily missed opportunistic pathogen. Scand J Infect Dis 1991; 23: 1–6.
  • Carpenter JJL, Blom J. Corynebacterium equi pneumo-nia in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Am Rev Resp Dis 1976; 114: 235–9.
  • McGregor JH, Samuelson WM, Sane DC, Godwin JD. Opportunistic lung infection caused by Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi. Radiology 1986; 160: 83–4.
  • Antinori S, Meroni L, Esposito R. Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in a patient with AIDS: radiologic features. Am J Roentgen 1993; 161: 901–2.
  • Samies JH, Hathaway BN, Echols RM, Veazey JMjr, Pion VA. Lung abscess due to Corynebacterium equi. Am J Med 1986; 80: 685–8.
  • Sirera G, Romeu J, Clotet B, Velasco P, Amal J, Ruis F, Foz M. Relapsing systemic infection due to Rhodococcus equi in a drug abuser seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 509–10.
  • Magnani G, Elia GF, Mcneil MM, Brown JM, Chezzi C, Gabrielli M, Fanti F. Rhodococcus equi cavitary pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: an unsuspected opportunistic pathogen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 5: 1059–64.
  • Weingarten JS, Huang DY, Jackman JD. Rhodococcus equi. An unusual early manifestation of the AIDS. Chest 1988; 94: 195–6.
  • Magnani G, Elia GF, McNeil MM, Brown JM, Gabrielli M, Chezzi C, Fanti F. Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992; 6: 429–33.
  • Fierer J, Wolt P, Seed L, Gay T, Noonan K, Haghighi P. Nonpulmonary Rhodococcus equi infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). J Clin Pathol 1987; 40: 556–8.
  • Antinori S, Esposito R, Cernuschi M, Galli M, Galimberti L, Tocalli L, Moroni M. Disseminated Rhodococcus equi infection initially presenting as foot myce-toma in an HIV-positive patients. AIDS 1992; 6: 740–2.
  • Woolcock JB and Mutimer MD. Corynebacterium equi: in vitro susceptibility to twenty-six antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1980; 18: 976–7.
  • Roger LH, Sunstrum JC. Rhodococcus equi infection in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 139–45.
  • Nordmann P, Chavanet P, Caillon J, Duez JM, Portier H. Recurrent pneumonia due to rifampicin-resistant Rhodococcus equi in a patient infected with HIV. J Infect 1992; 24: 104–7.
  • Rouquet RM, Clave D, Massip P, Moatti N, Leophonte P. Imipenem/vancomycin for Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infection in HIV-positive patient. Lancet 1991; 337: 375.
  • Chavanet P, Bonnotte B, Caillot D, Portier H. Imipenem/teicoplanin for Rhodococcus equi pulmonary infec-tion in AIDS patient. Lancet; 337: 794-5.
  • Prescott JF, Nicholson VM. The effects of combina-tions of selected antibiotics on the growth of Corynebacterium equi. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 1984; 7: 61–4.
  • Prescott JF. Rhodococcus equi an animal and human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 1991; 4: 20–34.
  • Sasal M, Roig J, Cervantes L, Matas L, Segura F. Good response to antibiotic treatment of lung infection due to Rhodococcus equi in a patient infected with human immunod-eficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 747–8.
  • Clotet B, Sirera G, Erice A. Rhodococcus equi infection in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993; 6: 429.
  • Cury JD, Harrington PT, Hosein IK. Successful med-ical therapy of Rhodococcus equi pneumonia in a patient with HIV infection. Chest 1992; 102: 1619–21.
  • Pialoux G, Goldstein F, Dupont B, Gonzalez Canali G, Sansonetti P. Combination antibiotic treatment with clar-ithromycin for human immunodeficiency virus-associated Rhodococcus equi infection. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 513–4.
  • Kramer MR, Uttamchandani RB. The radiographic appearance of pulmonary nocardiosis associated with AIDS. Chest 1990; 98: 382–5.
  • Lynn W, Whyte M, Weber J. Nocardia, mycobacteria and AIDS. AIDS 1989; 3: 766–7.
  • Holtz HA, Lavery DP, Kapila G. Actinomycetales infection in AIDS. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 203–5.
  • Kim J, Minamoto GY, Grieco MH. Nocardial infection as a complication of AIDS: report of six cases and review. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13: 624–9.
  • Peabody JW, Seabury JK. Actinomycosis and nocardiosis. Am J Med 1960; 28: 99–115.
  • Lerner PI. Nocardia species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Principles and practice of infectious dis-eases. New York: Churchill Livingstone. 1995: 2273-2280.
  • Scheld WM, Mandell GL. Nosocomial pneumonia: pathogenesis and recent advances in diagnosis and therapy. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13 (Suppl 9):5734–51.
  • Murray JF, Garay SM, Hopewell PC, Mills J, Snider GL, Stover DE. Pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: an update. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 504–509.
  • Batungwanayo J, Taelman H, Lucas S, et al. Pulmonary disease associated with the human immunodefi-ciency virus in Kigali, Ruanda. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1591–6.
  • Ramirez JA. The choice of empirical antibiotic therapy for nosocomial pneumonia. J Chemother 1994; 6: 547–S50.
  • Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations of the immunization practices. Advisory Committee. Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. MM\XTR 1989; 38: 64-8, 73-6.
  • Huang KL, Ruben FL, Rinaldo CRjr, Kingsley L, Lyter DW, Ho M. Antibody response after influenza and pneumo-coccal immunization in HIV-infected homosexual men. JAMA 1987;257–2047-50.
  • Klein RS, Selwyn PA, Maude D, Pollard C, Freeman K, Schiffman G. Response to pneumococcal vaccine among asymptomatic heterosexual partners of persons with AIDS and intravenous drug users infected with human immunodefi-ciency virus. J Infect Dis 1989; 160: 826–31.
  • Mayer HB, Rose DN, Cohen S, Gurtman AC, Cheung TW, Szabo S. The effect of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis regimens on the incidence of bacterial infections in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1993; 7: 1687–9.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.