Comparative Evaluation of the Clinical and Microbiological Efficacy of Co-Amoxiclav vs Cefixime or Ciprofloxacin in Bacterial Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis

REFERENCES

• Gaillat J, Micoud M. La bronchite cronique est une pathologie infectieuse. In: Leophonte P, Mouton Y, eds. Reperes sur les infections broncho-pulmonaires. Nanterre: SB 1992: 60-64.
   Google Scholar
• Chodosh S. Treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. State of art. Am J Med 1991; 91: (Suppl 6A): 87S-91S.
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M. Infektionen der tiefen Atemwege in der Allgemeinpraxis. Infection 1987; 15 (Suppl 3): 5113–5119.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrino MB, Privitera A, Primavera A, Puntorieri, Nicoletti A, Stefani S, Nicoletti G. Microbiological considera-tions of the etiological agents of lower respiratory tract infec-tions. J Chemother 1992; 4: 211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarubbi FA, Myers JW, Williams JJ, Shell CG. Respiratory infections caused by Branhamella catarrhalis. Am J Med 1990; 88 (Suppl 5A): 9S-14S.
   Google Scholar
• Lode H. Klinische parameter zur Beurteilung der Wirksamkeit von Antibiotika bei Atemwegsinfektionen. FAC-Information 1990; 9-2: 241:245.
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, Girbino G. Broncopneumopatia cronica ostruttiva: trattamento ambulatoriale. San Donato Milanese: ESI Stampa Medica 1991: 46–53.
   Google Scholar
• Cullmann W. Beta-lactamases of Moraxella catarrhalis. Med Mal Infect 1992; 22: 529–534.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carbon C. Management of bronchitis. Current perspec-tives. Clinician 1993; 11 (3): 33–37.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood D. An overview of the response of bacteria to β-lactam antibiotics. Rev Infect Dis 1986; 8 (Suppl 5): S487–S495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham VAL, Lowes JA, Shaw EJ, Davies RJ. An assessment of the value of Augmentin in the management of respiratory tract infections. In: Leigh DA, Robinson OPW, eds. Augmentin: clavulanate-potentiated amoxycillin. Proceedings of the second symposium. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica 1982: 138-148.
   Google Scholar
• Maesen FPV, Davies BI, Baur C. Amoxycillin/clavulanate in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987; 19: 373–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehtar S. Which oral cephalosporin for respiratory tract infections? RSM International Congress and Symposium Series 1987; 124: 79–83.
   Google Scholar
• Beumer HM. Cefixime versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in lower respiratory tract infections. Intern J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989; 27: 30–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lode H, Wikey P, Olschewski P, et al. Prospective ran-domized clinical trial of new quinolones versus β-lactam antibiotics in lower respiratory tract infections. Scand J Infect Dis 1990; Suppl 68: 50-55.
   Google Scholar
• Khajotia R, Drlicek M, Vetter N. A comparative study of ofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanate in hospitalized patients with lower respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26 (Suppl D): 83-91.
   Google Scholar
• Yernault JC, Russell D. Lomefloxacin versus amoxi-cillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bron-chitis: results of multinational studies. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1992; 2: 39–47.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Standards for the diagnosis and care of aptients with chronic obstructive pulmonary dis-ease (COPD) and asthma. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 225–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer AW, Kirby WMM, Sherris JC, Turck M. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standard single disc method. Am J Clin Pathol 1966; 45: 493–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leading article. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis? Lancet 1987; ii: 23–24.
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M. Problems and prospectives in the antibiotic treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Pulm Pharmacol 1994; 7: 139–152.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CPW, Hershfield ES, Harding GKM, Nelson NA. Antibiotic therapy in exacer-bation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aubier M. Traitment antibiotique de la bronchite chronique. In: Leophonte P, Mouton Y, eds. Reperes sur les infections broncho-pulmonaires. Nanterre, SB, 1992; 80-82.
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M. Lower respiratory tract infections in general practice. RSM International Congress and Symposium Series 1986; 109: 45–55.
   Google Scholar
• Maesen FP, Davies BI, Teengs JP. Ceftriaxone in acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984; 14: 653–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grassi G, Gaildroni-Grassi G, Mangiarotti P. Clinical efficacy of ofloxacin in lower respiratory tract infections. Drugs. 1987; 34: 80–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan FA. What role for quinolones in respiratory infections? Guidelines for using this new class of antimicro-bials In: Fass RJ, ed. Ciprofloxacin in Pulmonology. Miinchen: Zucksschwerdt 1990: 33–45.
   Google Scholar
• Davies BI, Maesen FP, Baur C. Ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1986; 5: 226–231.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lode H. Drug interactions with the quinolones. Rev Infect Dis 1988; 10 (Suppl 1): 5132–S136.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson G, Jariwalla AG, Saour J. A comparison of ampicillin and amoxicillin in acute or chronic bronchitis. Br J Dis Chest 1974; 73: 206–211.
   Google Scholar
• Cullmann W. Importance of beta-lactamase stability in treating today's respiratory tract infections. Respiration 1993; 60 (Suppl 1): 10–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brien TF and The International Survey of Antibiotic Resistence Group. Resistance to antibiotics at medical centres in different parts of the world. J Antimicrob Chemother 1986; 18 (suppl C): 243-253.
   Google Scholar
• Wiedemann B. Plasmid-mediated extended spectrum beta-lactamases. Med Mal Infect 1992; 22: 524–528.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wise R, Andrews JM, Bedford KA. Clavulanic acid and CP-45,899: a comparison of their in vitro activity in combina-tion with penicillins. J Antimicrob Chemother 1980; 6: 197–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neu HC, Fu KP. Clavulanic acid, a novel inhibitor of β-lactamases. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978; 14: 650–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball VT, Geddes AM, Davey PG, Farrell ID, Brookes GR. Clavulanic acid and amoxycillin: a clinical, bacteriologi-cal, and pharmacological study. Lancet 1980; i: 620–623.
   Google Scholar
• Yogev R, Melick C, Kabat WJ. In vitro and in vivo syn-ergism between amoxicillin and clavulanic acid against ampi-cillin-resistant Haemophilus influenzae type b: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 19: 993-995.
   Google Scholar
• Rolinson GN. A review of the microbiology of amoxy-cillin/clavulanic acid over a 15 year period 1978-1993. J Chemother 1994; 6: 283–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell GL, Sande MA. Antimicrobial agents. Penicillins, cephalosporins, and other beta-lactam antibiotics. In: Goodman Gilman A, Rail TW, Nies AS, Taylor P, eds. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 8th edition. New York: Pergamon Press 1990: 1065-1097.
   Google Scholar
• Schito GC, Pesce A, Debbia EA. Stability in the pres-ence of widespread β-lactamases: a prerequisire for the antibacterial activity of B-lactam drugs. Drugs 1994; 47 (suppl 3): 1-9.
   Google Scholar
• Brittain DC, Scully BE, Hirose T, Neu HC. The phar-macokinetic and bactericidal characteristics of oral cefixime. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985; 38: 590–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein F, Kitzis MD, Gutmann L, Acar JF. Comparative activity of oral cephalosporins against B-lacta-mase producing pathogens. Med Mal Infect 1992; 22: 535–543.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies BI, Maesen FPV, Teengs PJ, Baur C. Neue orale Chinolon-Verbindungen bei chronischer Bronchitis. Infection 1986; 14 (Suppl 1): S73–S78.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campoli-Richards DM, Monk JP, Price A, Benfield P, Todd PA, Ward A. Ciprofloxacin. A review of its antibacteri-al activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 1988; 35: 373–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangunnegoro H, Zuswayudha P, Rasmin M, Suryatenggara, Soeharto, Warsa UC. The clinical efficacy of cefixime in the treatment of nontubercolous lower respiratory tract infections. Med J University Indonesia 1992; 1 (Suppl): 35-39.
   Google Scholar
• Brogden RN, Campoli-Richards DM. Cefixime, a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic potential. Drugs 1989; 38: 524–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luh KT, Yang PC. The efficacy and safety of cefixime in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infection: experi-ences in Taiwan. Med J University Indonesia 1992; 1 (Suppl): 32-34.
   Google Scholar
• Liu PYF, Gur D, McHall L, Livermore DM. Survey of the prevalence of B-lactamases amongst 1000 gram-negative isolated consecutively at the Royal London Hospital. J Antimicrob Chemother 1992; 30: 429–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirot DL, Goldstein FW, Soussy CJ, et al. Resistance to cefotaxime and seven other B-lactamases in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae: a 3-year survey in France. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36: 1677-81.
   Google Scholar
• Tager L, Speizer FE. Role of infection in chronic bron-chitis. New Engl J Med 1975; 292: 563–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, D'Amato G, Girbino G. Airway reactivity during bacterial lower respiratory tract infections. Current Medical Literature: Reversible Airway Disease 1990; 4: 63–70.
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, Matera MG, Rossi F. Bronchial hyperre-sponsiveness and bacterial respiratory infections. Clin Ther 1991; 13: 157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delavia JL, Harmanyeri Y, Cundell DR, Davies RJ, Grady D, Tabaqchali S. Variation in histamine systhesis by Gram-negative and Gram-positive respiratory tract bacteria and the effect of cefaclor. RSM International Congress and Symposium Series 1988; 128: 49–55.
   Google Scholar
• Cazzola M, De Palma R, Maurea N, Mascitelli A, Martucci P, D'Amato G. Therapeutic implications of treat-ment with cefonicid on airway reactivity during bacterial lower respiratory tract infections. Curr Ther Res 1989; 45: 559–567.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar