Immunotherapy: On the Edge Between Experimental and Clinical Oncology

REFERENCES

• Langman RE. The immune system. Evolutionary princi-ples guide our understanding of this complex biological defense system. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, Inc., 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Zinkernagel RM. Immunology taught by viruses. Science 1996; 271: 173–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmiani G. Tumor immunity as autoimmunity: tumor antigens include normal self proteins which stimulate anergic peripheral T cells. Immunol Today 1993; 14: 536–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludewig B, Ochsenbein AF, Odermatt B, et al. Immunotherapy with dendritic cells directed against tumor antigens shared with normal host cells results in severe autoimmune disease. J Exp Med 2000; 191: 795–804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penn I. Tumors of the immunocompromised patient. Annu Rev Med 1988; 39: 63–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanzavecchia A. Identifying strategies for immune inter-vention. Science 1993; 260: 937–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas AK, Janeway CA. Immunology: improving on nature in the twenty-first century. Cell 2000; 100: 129–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sogn JA. Tumor Immunology: the glass is half full. Immunity 1998; 9: 757–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Old U. Immunotherapy for cancer. Sci Am 1996; 275: 136–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiner LM. Monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Semin Oncol 1999; 26 (Suppl. 14): 43-51.
   Google Scholar
• Kohler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975; 256: 495–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadler LM, Stashenko P, Hardy R, Schlossmann SF. A monoclonal antibody defining a lymphoma-associated antigen in man. J Immunol 1980; 125: 570–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson GT, Stevenson FK. Antibody to molecularly-defined antigen confined to a tumor cell surface. Nature 1975; 254: 714–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RA, Maloney DG, Warnke R, Levy R. Treatment of B cell lymphoma with monoclonal anti-idiotype antibody. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 517–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meeker T, Lowder J, Cleary ML, et al. Emergence of idiotype variants during treatment of B-cell lymphoma with anti-idiotype antibodies. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1658–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Genetic insta-bilities in human cancers. Nature 1998; 396: 643–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raffeld M, Neckers L, Longo DL, Cossman J. Spontaneous alteration of idiotype in a monoclonal B-cell lym-phoma. Escape from detection by anti-idiotype. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1653–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter G, Milstein C. Man-made antibodies. Nature 1991; 349: 293–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clynes RA, Towers TL, Presta LG, Ravetch JV. Inhibitory Fc receptors modulate in vivo cytotoxicity against tumor targets. Nat Med 2000; 6: 443–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney DG, Grillo-Lopez AJ, Bodkin DJ et al. IDEC-C2B8: results of a phase I multiple-dose trial in patients with relapsed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3266–74.
   Google Scholar
• Carter P, Presa L, Gorman CL, et al. Humanization of an anti-p185HER2 antibody for human cancer therapy. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 4285–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeil C. Herceptin in the adjuvant setting: phase III trials begin. J Nail Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 683–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riethmuller G, Holz E, Schlimok G, et al. Monoclonal antibody therapy for resected Dukes' C colorectal cancer: seven-year outcome of a multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1788–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pegram MD, Lipton A, Hayes DF, et al. Phase II study of receptor-enhanced chemosensitivity using recombinant humanized anti-p185HER2/neu monoclonal antibody plus cis-platin in patients with HER2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer refractory to chemotherapy treatment. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 2659-71.
   Google Scholar
• Levy R. Karnofsky Lecture immunotherapy of lym-phoma. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17 (11 Suppl.): 7-13.
   Google Scholar
• Riddell SR, Greenberg PD. Principles for adoptive T cell therapy of human viral diseases. Annu Rev Immunol 1995; 13: 545–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter EA, Greenberg PD, Gilbert MJ, et al. Reconstitution of cellular immunity against cytomegalovirus in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow by transfer of T-cell clones from the donor. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 1038–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heslop HE, Ng CYC, Congfen L, et al. Long-term restoration of immunity against Epstein-Barr virus infection by adoptive transfer of gene-modified virus-specific T lympho-cytes. Nat Med 1996; 2: 551–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney CM, Smith CA, Ng CYC, et al. Infusion of cytotoxic T cells for the prevention and treatment of Epstein-Barr Virus-induced lymphoma in allogeneic transplant recipi-ents. Blood 1998; 92: 1549–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney CM, Roskrow MA, Suzuki N, Ng CYC, Brenner MK, Heslop HE. Treatment of relapsed Hodgking's disease using EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells. Ann Oncol 1998; 9 (Supp1.5): S129-S132.
   Google Scholar
• Yee C, Riddell SR, Greenberg PD. Prospects for adop-tive T cell therapy. Curr Opin Immunol 1997; 9: 702–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas ED, Storb R, Clift RA et al. Bone-marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 1975; 292: 895–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden PL, Flournoy N, Thomas ED, et al. Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of allogeneic marrow grafts. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 1068–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter DL, Roth MS, McGarigle C, Ferrara JLM, Antin JH. Induction of graft-versus-host disease as immunotherapy for relapsed chronic myelogenous leukemia. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 100–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolb HJ, Holler E. Adoptive immunotherapy with donor lymphocyte transfusions. Curr Opin Oncol 1997; 9: 139–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barrett AJ. Mechanisms of the graft-versus-leukemia reaction. Stem Cells 1997; 15: 248–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CareIla AM, Champlin R, Slavin S, McSweeney P, Storb R. Mini-allografts: ongoing trials in humans. Bone Marrow Transplant 2000; 25: 345–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eibl B, Schwaighofer H, Nachbaur D, et al. Evidence for a graft-versus-tumor effect in a patient treated with marrow ablative chemotherapy and allogeneic bone marrow transplan-tation for breast cancer. Blood 1996; 88: 1501–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs RW, Clave E, Tisdale J, Plante M, Hensel N, Barrett J. Successful treatment of metastatic renal cell carcino-ma with a nonmyeloablative allogeneic peripheral-blood prog-enitor-cell transplant: evidence for a graft-versus-tumor effect. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 2044–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricot G, Vesole DH, Jagannath S, Hilton J, Munshi N, Barlogie B. Graft-versus-myeloma effect: proof of principle. Blood 1996; 87: 1196–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slavin S, Nagler A, Naparstek E, et al. Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation and cell therapy as an alternative to conventional bone marrow transplantation with lethal cytoreduction for the treatment of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Blood 1998; 91: 756–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Childs R, Chernoff A, Contentin N, et al. Regression of metastatic renal-cell carcinoma after nonmyeloablative allo-geneic peripheral-blood stem-cell transplantation. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 750–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo11 DM. Cancer Vaccines. Nat Med 1998; 4 (Suppl.): 525-31.
   Google Scholar
• Restifo NP, Sznol M. Cancer Vaccines. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA eds. Cancer. Principles and practice of oncology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 3023–43.
   Google Scholar
• Zur Hausen H. Viruses in human cancers. Science 1991; 254: 1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley RP. Hepatitis B virus: the major etiology of the hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1988; 61: 1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galloway DA. Is vaccination against papillomavirus a possibility? Lancet 1998; 351 (Supp1.3): 22-4.
   Google Scholar
• Clerici M, Shearer GM, Clerici E. Cytokine dysregula-tion in invasive cervical carcinoma and other human neo-plasias: time to consider the Th 1 /Th2 paradigm. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villunger A, Strasser A. The great escape: is immune evasion required for tumor progression? Nat Med 1999; 5: 874–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanda NK, Sercarz EE. Induction of anti-self-immunity to cure cancer. Cell 1995; 82: 13–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymur K, Pettit S, O'Flaherty E, Charnley RM, Kirby JA. Selection of metastatic tumour phenotypes by host immune systems. Lancet 1999; 354: 1989–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon T, Cerottini JC, Van den Eynde B, van der Bruggen P, Van Pel A. Tumor antigens recognised by T lym-phocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 1994; 12: 337–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herr W, Ranieri E, Olson W, Zarour H, Gesualdo L, Storkus WJ. Mature dendritic cells pulsed with freeze-thaw cell lysates define an effective in vitro vaccine designed to elicit EBV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocyte responses. Blood 2000; 96: 1857-64.
   Google Scholar
• Tentori L, Leonetti C, Lozupone F, Bonmassar E. Antitumor and antimetastatic effects of dacarbazine combined with cyclophosphamide and interleukin-2 in Lewis lung carci-noma (3LL). Cancer Immunol Immunother 1995; 41: 375–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong L, Engleman EG. Dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy. Annu Rev Immunol 2000; 18: 245–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banchereau J, Steinman RM. Dendritic cells and the control of immunity. Nature 1998; 392: 245–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Parker SE, et al. Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science 1993; 259: 1745–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardo11 DM, Beckerleg AM. Exposing the immunology of naked DNA vaccines. Immunity 1995; 3: 165–7.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson FK. DNA vaccines against cancer: from genes to therapy. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 1413–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altman JD, Moss PA, Goulder PJR, et al. Phenotypic analysis of antigen-specific T lymphocytes. Science 1996; 274: 94–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero P, Cerottini JC, Waanders GA. Novel methods to monitor antigen-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses in can-cer immunotherapy. Mol Med. Today 1998; 4: 305–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mackall CL, Fleisher TA, Brown MR, et al. Age, thy-mopoiesis, and CD4+ T-lymphocyte regeneration after inten-sive chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 143–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak LW, Campbell MJ, Czerwinski DK, Hart S, Miller RA, Levy R. Induction of immune responses in patients with B-cell lymphoma against the surface-immunoglobulin idiotype expressed by their tumors. N Engl J Med 1992; 327: 1209–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu FJ, Caspar CB, Czerwinski DK, et al. Tumor-spe-cific idiotype vaccines in the treatment of patients with B-cell lymphoma - Long-term results of a clinical trial. Blood 1997; 89: 3129–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu FJ, Benike C, Fagnoni F, et al. Vaccination of patients with B-cell lymphoma using autologous antigen-pulsed dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996; 2: 52–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendandi M, Gocke CD, Kobrin CB, et al. Complete molecular remissions induced by patient-specific vaccination plus granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor against lymphoma. Nat Med 1999; 5: 1171–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrengelas AD, Chen IT, Levy R. DNA immunization induces protective immunity against B-cell lymphoma. Nat Med 1996; 2: 1038–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee PP, Yee C, Savage PA, Fong L, et al. Characterization of circulating T cells specific for tumor-associ-ated antigens in melanoma patients. Nat Med 1999; 5: 677–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackensen A, Carcelain G, Viel S, et al. Direct evi-dence to support the immunosurveillance concept in a human regressive melanoma. J Clin Invest. 1994; 93: 1397–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson MA, Thompson FH, Emerson J, et al. Clinical implications of cytogenetic abnormalities in melanoma. Surg Clin N Am 1996; 76: 1257–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nestle FO, Alijagic S, Gilliet M, et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with peptide- or tumor lysate-pulsed den-dritic cells. Nat Med 1998; 4: 328–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thurner B, Haendle I, Roder C, et al. Vaccination with mage-3A1 peptide-pulsed mature, monocyte-derived dendritic cells expands specific cytotoxic T cells and induces regression of some metastases in advanced stage IV melanoma. J Exp Med 1999; 190: 1669-78.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg SA, Yang JC, Schwartzentruber DJ et al. Immunologic and therapeutic evaluation of a synthetic peptide vaccine for the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma. Nat Med 1998; 4: 321–7.
   Google Scholar
• Soiffer R, Lynch T, Mihm M, et al. Vaccination with irradiated autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gen-erates potent antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 13141–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kugler A, Stuhler G, Walden P, et al. Regression of human metastatic renal cell carcinoma after vaccination with tumor cell-dendritic cell hybrids. Nat Med 2000; 6: 332–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermorken JB, Claessen AM, van Tinteren H, et al. Active specific immunotherapy for stage II and stage III human colon cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 345–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris JE, Ryan L, Hoover HC Jr, et al. Adjuvant active specific immunotherapy for stage II and III colon cancer with an autologous tumor cell vaccine: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E5283. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 148–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiger J, Hutchinson R, Hohenkirk L, McKenna E, Chang A, Mule J. Treatment of solid tumors in children with tumour-lysate-pulsed dendritic cells. Lancet 2000; 356: 1163–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodge PA, Jones LA, Bader RA, Murphy GP, Salgaller ML. Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy of prostate cancer: immune monitoring of a phase II clinical trial. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 829–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mincheff M, Tchakarov S, Zoubak S, et al. Naked DNA and Adenoviral Immunizations for Immunotherapy of Prostate Cancer: A Phase I/II Clinical Trial. Eur Urol 2000; 38: 208–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morse MA, Deng Y, Coleman D, et al. A Phase I study of active immunotherapy with carcinoembryonic antigen pep-tide (CAP-1)-pulsed, autologous human cultured dendritic cells in patients with metastatic malignancies expressing carcinoem-bryonic antigen. Clin Cancer Res 1999; 5: 1331–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanikas V, Hwang LA, Pearson J, et al. Antibody and T cell responses of patients with adenocarcinoma immu-nized with mannan-MUC1 fusion protein. J Clin Invest 1997; 100: 2783-92.
   Google Scholar
• Gjertsen MK, Bakka A, Breivik J, et al. Vaccination with mutant ras peptides and induction of T-cell responsive-ness in pancreatic carcinoma patients carrying the correspond-ing RAS mutation. Lancet 1995; 346: 1399–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar