74
Views
33
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Guidelines on Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Prevention and Treatment of Infections in the Intensive Care Unit

Pathogenesis of Septic Shock: Implications for Prevention and Treatment

References

  • Medzhitov R, Janeway CAJr. Innate immunity: the virtues of a nonclonal system of recognition. Cell 1997; 91 (3): 295–298.
  • Hoffmann JA, Kafatos FC, Janeway CA, Ezekowitz RA. Phylogenetic perspectives in innate immunity. Science 1999; 284 (5418): 1313–1318.
  • Kimbrell DA, Beutler B. The evolution and genetics of innate immunity. Nat Rev Genet 2001; 2 (4): 256–267.
  • Bochud PY, Glauser M, Calandra T. Antibiotics in sep-sis. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27 (14 Suppl): S33–S48.
  • National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) report, data summary from October 1986-April 1997, issued May 1997. A report from the NNIS System. Am J Infect Control 1997; 25 (6): 477–487.
  • Edmond MB, Wallace SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three-year analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29 (2): 239–244.
  • Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SA, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to species of Candida other than Candida albicans: fre-quency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. SCOPE Participant Group. Surveillance and Control of Pathogens of Epidemiologic. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 30 (2): 121–129.
  • Ulevitch RJ, Tobias PS. Recognition of gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin by the innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11 (1): 19–22.
  • Wright SD, Ramos RA, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ, Mathison JC. CD14, a receptor for complexes of lipopolysac-charide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Science 1990; 249: 1431-1433.
  • Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA. The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spat-zle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 1996; 86 (6): 973–983.
  • Williams MJ, Rodriguez A, Kimbrell DA, Eldon ED. The 18-wheeler mutation reveals complex antibacterial gene regulation in Drosophila host defense. J Eur Mol Biol Org 1997; 16 (20): 6120–6130.
  • Gay NJ, Keith FJ. Drosophila Toll and IL-1 receptor. Nature 1991; 351 (6325): 355–356.
  • Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CAJr. A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals acti-vation of adaptive immunity. Nature 1997; 388 (6640): 394–397.
  • MUZiO M, Natoli G, Saccani S, Levrero M, Mantovani A. The human toll signaling pathway: divergence of nuclear factor kappaB and JNK/SAPK activation upstream of tumor necrosis factor receptor- associated factor 6 (TRAF6). J Exp Med 1998; 187 (12): 2097–2101.
  • Rock FL, Hardiman G, Timans JC, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF. A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 1998; 95 (2): 588–593.
  • Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu MY, Huffel CV, Du X et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice: mutations in T1r4 gene. Science 1998; 282 (5396): 2085-2088.
  • Qureshi ST, Lariviere L, Leveque G, et al. Endotoxin-tolerant mice have mutations in Toll-like receptor 4 (T1r4). J Exp Med 1999; 189 (4): 615–625.
  • Vogel SN, Johnson D, Perera PY, et al. Cutting edge: functional characterization of the effect of the C3H/HeJ defect in mice that lack an Lpsn gene: in vivo evidence for a dominant negative mutation. J Immunol 1999; 162 (10): 5666–5670.
  • Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, et al. Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice are hyporesponsive to lipopolysaccharide: evidence for TLR4 as the Lps gene product. J Immunol 1999; 162 (7): 3749–3752.
  • Underhill DM, Ozinsky A, Hajjar AM, et al. The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens. Nature 1999; 401 (6755): 811–815.
  • Arbour NC, Lorenz E, Schutte BC, et al. TLR4 muta-tions are associated with endotoxin hyporesponsiveness in humans. Nat Genet 2000; 25 (2): 187–191.
  • Yang RB, Mark MR, Gray A, et al. Toll-like receptor-2 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced cellular signalling. Nature 1998; 395 (6699): 284–288.
  • Kirschning CJ, Wesche H, Merrill AT, Rothe M.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.