16
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Current Incidence, Prevention and Treatment of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia

Epidemiology of Major Respiratory Pathogens

References

  • Tenover FC, Huges JM. The challenges of emerging infectious diseases. JAMA 1996; 275: 300–4.
  • Le Duc JW. World Health Organization strategy for emerging infectious diseases. JAMA 1996; 275: 318–20.
  • Chin GJ, Marx J. Resistance to antibiotics. Science 1994; 264: 359.
  • Davies J. Inactivation of antibiotics and the dissemina-tion of resistance genes. Science 1994; 264: 375–82.
  • Moellering RCJr. Introduction: Problems with antimi-crobial resistance in Gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1177–8.
  • Heritage J, M'Zali FH, Gascoyne-Binzi D, et al. Evolution and spread of SHV extended-spectrum I3-lactamases in Gram-negative bacteria. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 44: 309–18.
  • Archibald L, Phillips L, Monnet D et al. Antimicrobial resistance in isolates from inpatients and outpatients in the United States: increasing importance of the intensive care unit. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 211–15.
  • Acar JF. Consequence of bacterial resistance to antibi-otics in medical practice. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (Suppl.1): S17-8.
  • Halls G.A. The management of infections and antibiotic therapy: a European survey. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 985–1000.
  • Ortqvist A. Antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in clinical practice: a European perspective. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 205–12.
  • O'Brien TF. The global epidemic nature of antimicro-bial resistance and the need to monitor and manage it locally. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (Suppl. 1): S2-8.
  • Stelling JM, O'Brien TF. Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance: The WHONET Program. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (Suppl. 1): S157-68.
  • Walker RD, Thornsberry C. Decreased in antibiotic sus-ceptibiltiy or increase in resistance? J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 1–4.
  • Felmingham D, Grtineberg RN and the Alexander Project Group. A multicenter collaborative study of the antimi-crobial susceptibility of community-acquired, lower respiratory tract pathogens 1992-1993: The Alexander Project. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 38 (Suppl. A): 1-57.
  • Felmingham D, Washington J, The Alexander Project Group. Trends in the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial respiratory tract pathogens: Findings of the Alexander Project 1992-1996. J Chemother 1999; 11 (Suppl. 1): 5-21.
  • Doern GV, Pfaller MA, Kugler K et al. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 764–70.
  • Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, et al. Bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infection: frequencies of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility pat-terns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (United States and Canada, 1997). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1662-770.
  • Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Doern GV, et al. International surveillance of bloodstream infections due to Can dida species: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibilities of iso-lates collected in 1997 in the United States, Canada and South America for the SENTRY program. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1886–9.
  • Doern GV, Jones RN, Pfaller MA, et al. Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis from patients with com-munity-acquired respiratory tract infections: antimicrobial sus-ceptibility patterns from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveil-lance program (United States and Canada, 1997). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 385–9.
  • Schmitz F, Verhoef J, Fluit C, et al. Prevalence of resistance to MLS antibiotics in 20 European university hospi-tals participating in the European SENTRY surveillance pro-gramme. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 783–92.
  • Schmitz F, Verhoef J, Fluit C, et al. Prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance in 20 European University Hospitals participating in the European SENTRY antimicrobial surveil-lance programme. Eur J din Microbiol Dis 1999; 18: 414–21.
  • Emori TG, Culver DH, Horan TC. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system: description of surveillance methods. Am J Infect Control 1991; 19: 19–35.
  • Jarvis WR, Edwards JR, Culver DH et al. Nosocomial infection rates in adult and paediatric intensive care units in the United States. Am J Med 1991; 91 (Suppl 3B): 185S-191S.
  • Jones RN, Marshall SA, Pfaller MA, et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in the SCOPE Program: antimicrobial resistance, species occurrence, molecular testing results and laboratory testing accuracy. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 30: 205–14.
  • Marshall SA, Wilke WW, Pfaller MA et al. Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci from blood stream infections: frequency of occurrence, antimi-crobial susceptibility, and molecular (mecA) characterization of oxacillin resistance in the SCOPE Program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 30: 205–14.
  • Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Marshall SA, et al. Inducible Amp C I3-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacilli from bloodstream infections: frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility, and molecular epidemiology in a national surveillance program (SCOPE). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 28: 211–19.
  • Voelker R. New group tracks hospital's drug-resistant bugs. JAMA 1996; 75: 177–8.
  • Brandileone MC, Casagrande ST, Zanella RC et al. SIREVA: Surveillance of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae in Brazil (1993-1998): Molecular characterization of penicillin-resistant strains [abstract no. 1029]. In Program and Abstracts of the 39th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICCAC) San Francisco Ca, USA: 1999.
  • Song J, Lee NY, Ichiyama S, et al. Spread of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Asian countries: Asian network for Surveillance of resistant pathogens (ANSORP) study. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 1206–11.
  • Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe. JAMA 1994; 274: 639–644.
  • Spencer RC, Bauernfeind A, Rodriguez JG et al. Surveillance of the current resistance of nosocomial pathogens to antibacterials. Clin Microbiol Infect 1997; 3 (Suppl 1): S21–S35.
  • Gianoglio S, Capuzzo R, Molinari MP, Debbia EA. Epidemiologia dei microorganismi gram-negativi e gram-posi-tivi isolati nel 1997 in un grande nosocomio e valutazione della sensibilita agli antibiotici di P. aeruginosa. Giorn Ital Microbiol Med Odont Clin 1999; 3 (Suppl A): 5A7-5A17.
  • Strausbaugh II. Nosocomial respiratory infection. In: Mandell GL, Douglas RG Jr, Bennet JE, eds. Principles and practice of infectious diseases, 5th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 2000: 3020–3028.
  • Pradier C, Dunais B, Carsenti-Etesse H, Dellamonica P. Pneumococcal resistance patterns in Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 644–7.
  • Hoffken G. Is the use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics too narrow-minded in the treatment of severe infections? Clin Microbiol Infect 2000; 6 (Suppl 2): 7–10.
  • Paterson DL. Recommendation for treatment of severe infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). Clin Microbiol Infect 2000; 6: 460–3.
  • Periti P, Nicoletti P, De Gaudio AR, et al. La chemioterapia antimicrobica nelle unita di terapia intensiva in Italia. Farmaci terapia 2000; XVII: 161-74.
  • Livermore DM. Beta-lactamase-mediated resistance and opportunities for its control. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41(Suppl D): 25-41.
  • Livermore DM, Williams JD. Beta-lactams mode of action and mechanism of bacterial resistance. In: V. Lorian, Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine, 1996: 502.
  • Marchese A, Arlet G, Schito GC, Lagrange PH, Philippon A. Detection of SHV-5 Extended-Spectrum I3-lacta-mase SHV-5 in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated in Italy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15: 245–8.
  • Fontana R, Cornaglia G. Sensibilita agli antibiotici di ceppi di Enterobacteriaceae e Staphylococcus aureus isolati dalle vie respiratorie nel 1997 e nel 1998. Microbiol Med 1999; 14 (Suppll): 38-45.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.