Catheter-Related Infections: Diagnosis and Intravascular Treatment

References

• Maki D. Pathogenesis, prevention and management of infections due to intravascular devices used for infusion thera-py. In: Bisno A, Waldvogel F, eds. Infections associated with indwelling medical devices. 2 ed. Washington, DC.: American Society for Microbiology, 1994: 155-212.
   Google Scholar
• Raad I, Darouiche R. Catheter-related septicemia: risk reduction. Infect Med 1996; 13: 807–812; 815-816; 823.
   Google Scholar
• Mermel LA. Prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132 (5): 391–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki D, Ringer M, Alvarado C. Prospective randomised trial of povidone-iodine, alcohol and chlorhexidine for preven-tion of infection associated with central venous and arterial catheters. Lancet 1991; 338 (8763): 339–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards M, Edwards J, Culver D, Gaynes R. Nosocomial infections in combined medical-surgical intensive care units in the United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21 (8): 510–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarvis W. Selected aspects of the socioeconomic impact of nosocomial infections: morbidity, mortality, cost, and pre-vention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17 (8): 552–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Tarara D, Wenzel R. Nosocomial bloodstream infection in critically ill patients. Excess length of stay, extra costs, and attributable mortality. JAMA 1994; 271 (20): 1598–1601.
   Google Scholar
• Haley R, Schaberg D, Crossley K, Von Allmen S, McGowan JJ. Extra charges and prolongation of stay attibutable to nosocomial infections: a prospective interhospi-tal comparison. Am J Med 1981; 70 (1): 51–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnow P, Quimosing E, Beach M. Consequences of intravascular catheter sepsis. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16 (6): 778–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza E, Perez-Molina J, Munoz P, (ESGNI) on behalf of the Cooperative Group of the European Study Group on Nosocomial Infections. Report of ESGNI-001 and ESGNI-002 studies. Bloodstream infections in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect 1999; 5: 2S1-2S12.
   Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Harbarth S, Ruef C, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for nosocomial infections in four university hospitals in Switzerland. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1999; 20 (1): 37-42.
   Google Scholar
• Ronveaux O, Jans B, Suetens C, Carsauw H. Epidemiology of nosocomial bloodstream infections in Belgium, 1992-1996. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17 (10): 695–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond J, Aujard Y. Nosocomial infections in pedi-atric patients: a European, multicenter prospective study. European Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2000; 21 (4): 260–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valles J, Leon C, Alvarez-Lerma F. Nosocomial bac-teremia in critically ill patients: a multicenter study evaluating epidemiology and prognosis. Spanish Collaborative Group for Infections in Intensive Care Units of Sociedad Espanola de Medicina Intensiva y Unidades Coronarias (SEMIUC). Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (3): 387–395.
   Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Wenzel R. Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections. Secular trends in rates, mortality and contribution to total hos-pital deaths. Arch Intern Med 1995; 155: 1177–1184.
   Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Hulliger S, Auckenthaler R. Intravascular device-related infections in critically ill patients. J Chemother 1995; 7 (Suppl. 3): 55-66.
   Google Scholar
• Norwood S, Hajjar G, Jenkins L. The influence of an attachable subcutaneous cuff for preventing triple lumen catheter infections in critically ill surgical and trauma patients. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992; 175 (1): 33–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maki D, Goldman D, Rhame F. Infection control in intravenous therapy. Ann Intern Med 1973; 79 (6): 867–887.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snydman D, Murray S, Kornfeld S, Majka J, Ellis C. Total parenteral nutrition-related infections. Prospective epi-demiologic study using semiquantitative methods. Am J Med 1982; 73 (5): 695–699.
   Google Scholar
• Maki D, Stolz S, Wheeler S, Mermel L. A prospective, randomized trial of gauze and two polyurethane dressings for site care of pulmonary artery catheters: implications for catheter management. Crit Care Med 1994; 22 (11): 1729–1737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cercenado E, Ena J, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Romero I, Souza E. A conservative procedure for the diagnosis of catheter-related infections. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150 (7): 1417–1420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maki D, Cobb L, Garman J, Shapiro J, Ringer M, Helgerson R. An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for preven-tion of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. Am J Med 1988; 85 (3): 307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sitges-Serra A, Linares J, Garau J. Catheter sepsis: the clue is the hub. Surgery 1985; 97 (3): 355–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura M, Alia C, Valverde J, Franch G, Torres Rodriguez J, Sitges-Serra A. Assessment of a new hub design and the semiquantitative catheter culture method using an in vivo experimental model of catheter sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28 (11): 2551–2554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douard M, Clementi E, Arlet G, et al. Negative catheter-tip culture and diagnosis of catheter-related bac-teremia. Nutrition 1994; 10 (5): 397–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moro M, Vigano E, Cozzi Lepri A. Risk factors for cen-tral venous catheter-related infections in surgical and intensive care units. The Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections Study Group. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994; 15 (4 Pt 1): 253-264.
   Google Scholar
• Mermel L, McCormick R, Springman S, Maki D. The pathogenesis and epidemiology of catheter-related infection with pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheters: a prospective study utilizing molecular subtyping. Am J Med 1991; 91 (3B): 197S-205S.
   Google Scholar
• Widmer A. Intravenous-related infections. In: Wenzel R, ed. Prevention and Control of Nosocomial Infections. 3 ed. Williams & Wilkins, 1997: 771-805.
   Google Scholar
• Peters G, Locci R, Pulverer G. Adherence and growth of coagulase-negative staphylococci on surfaces of intravenous catheters. J Infect Dis 1982; 146 (4): 479–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashkenazi S, Mirelman D. Adherence of bacteria to pediatric intravenous catheters and needles and its relation to phlebitis in animals. Pediatr Res 1984; 18 (12): 1361–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franson T, Sheth N, Rose H, Sohnle P. Scanning elec-tron microscopy of bacteria adherent to intravascular catheters. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 20 (3): 500–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vadaux P, Suzuki R, Waldvogel F, Morgenthaler J, Nydegger U. Foreign body infection: role of fibronectin as a ligand for the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis 1984; 150 (4): 546–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gristina A. Biomaterial-centered infection: microbial adhesion versus tissue integration. Science 1987; 237 (4822): 1588–1595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrmann M, Vadaux P, Pittet D, et al. Fibronectin, fibrinogen, and laminin act as mediators of adherence of clini-cal staphylococcal isolates to foreign material. J Infect Dis 1988; 158 (4): 693–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moyer K, Edwards L, Farley L. Comparative culture methods on 101 intravenous catheters: routine, semiquantita-tive, and blood cultures. Arch Intern Med 1983; 143 (1): 66–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andremont A, Paulet R, Nitenberg G, Hill C. Value of semiquantitative cultures of blood drawn through catheter hubs for estimating the risk of catheter tip colonization in cancer patients. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26 (11): 2297–2299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haslett T, Isenberg H, Hilton E, Tucci V, Kay B, Vellozzi E. Microbiology of indwelling central intravascular catheters. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26 (4): 696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richet H, Hubert B, Nitemberg G, et al. Prospective multicenter study of vascular-catheter-related complications and risk factors for positive central-catheter cultures in inten-sive care unit patients. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28 (11): 2520–2525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherertz R, Raad I, Belani A, et al. Three-year experi-ence with sonicated vascular catheter cultures in a clinical microbiology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28 (1): 76–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thylefors J, Harbarth S, Pittet D. Increasing bacter-ermia due to coagulase-negative staphylococci: fiction or reali-ty? Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998; 19: 581–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmond M, Wallace S, McClish D, Pfaller M, Jones R, Wenzel R. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a three-year analysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29 (2): 239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein M, Towns M, Quartey S, et al. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures in the 1990s: a prospec-tive comprehensive evaluation of the microbiology, epidemiol-ogy, and outcome of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24 (4): 584–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castagnola E, Garaventa A, Viscoli C, et al. Changing pattern of pathogens causing Broviac catheter-related bacter-aemias in children with cancer. J Hosp Infect 1995; 29 (2): 129–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viscoli C, Castagnola E, Giacchino M, et al. Bloodstream infections in children with cancer: a multicentre surveillance study of the Italian Association of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology. Supportive Therapy Group-Infectious Diseases Section. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35 (5): 770–774.
   Google Scholar
• Michel L, McMichan JC, Bachy JL. Microbial coloniza-tion of indwelling central venous catheters: statistical evalua-tion of potential contaminating factors. Am J Surg 1979; 137 (6): 745–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan J, Abel R, Abbott W, et al. Catheter complica-tions in total parenteral nutrition. A prospective study of 200 consecutive patients. N Eng J Med 1974; 290 (14): 757-761.
   Google Scholar
• Blackett R, Bakran A, Bradley J, Halsall A, Hill G, McMahon M. A prospective study of subclavian vein catheters used exclusively for the purpose of intravenous feeding. Br J Surg 1978; 65 (6): 393–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon M, Leon C, Mateu A, et al. Infecciones rela-cionadas con cateteres intravasculares en el paciente critico. Estudio multicêntrico. Med Intensiva 1993; 17: 531–544.
   Google Scholar
• Linares J, Dominguez MA, Martin R. Diagnosis of catheter-related infection. Rev Clin Esp 1997; 197 Suppl 2 (1): 19-26.
   Google Scholar
• Michel L, Marsh H, McMichan J, Southorn P, Brewer N. Infection of pulmonary artery catheters in critically ill patients. JAMA 1981; 245 (10): 1032–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 1977; 296 (23): 1305–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun-Buisson C, Abrouk F, Legrand P, Huet Y, Larabi S, Rapin M. Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sep-sis. Critical level of quantitative tip cultures. Arch Intern Med 1987; 147 (5): 873–877.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cleri D, Corrado M, Seligman S. Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and other intravascular inserts. J Infect Dis 1980; 141 (6): 781–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linares J, Sitges-Serra A, Garau J, Perez JL, Martin R. Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospective study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments. J Clin Microbiol 1985; 21 (3): 357–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus S, Buday S. Culturing indwelling central venous catheters in situ. Infect Surg 1989; 157–162.
   Google Scholar
• Sitges-Serra A, Puig P, Linares J, et al. Hub coloniza-tion as the initial step in an outbreak of catheter-related sepsis due to coagulase negative staphylococci during parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1984; 8 (6): 668–672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zufferey J, Rime B, Francioli P, BiIle J. Simple method for rapid diagnosis of catheter-associated infection by direct acridine orange staining of catheter tips. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26 (2): 175–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn P, Shenep J, Barrett F. Differential quantification with a commercial blood culture tube for diagnosis of catheter-related infection. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26 (5): 1045–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blot F, Schmidt E, Nitenberg G, et al. Earlier positivity of central-venous- versus peripheral-blood cultures is highly predictive of catheter-related sepsis. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36 (1): 105–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegman-Igra Y, Anglim AM, Shapiro DE, Adal KA, Strain BA, Farr BM. Diagnosis of vascular catheter-related bloodstream infection: a meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35 (4): 928–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mermel L, Farr B, Sherertz R, et al. Guidelines for the management of intravascular catheter-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: 1249–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki D, Weise C, Sarafin H. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 1977; 296 (23): 1305–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon PJ, Soni N, Pearson IY, Woods WP, Munro R, Sorrell TC. Is semiquantitative culture of central vein catheter tips useful in the diagnosis of catheter-associated bac-teremia? J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24 (4): 532–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite P, Dobbins BM, Wilcox MH, et al. Evaluation of a novel endoluminal brush method for in situ diagnosis of catheter related sepsis. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50 (4): 278–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherertz R, Heard S, Raad I. Diagnosis of triple-lumen catheter infection: comparison of roll plate, sonication, and flushing methodologies. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35 (3): 641–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tighe MJ, Kite P, Thomas D, Fawley WN, McMahon MJ. Rapid diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis using the acri-dine orange leukocyte cytospin test and an endoluminal brush. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1996; 20 (3): 215–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rello J, Coll P, Net A, Prats G. Infection of pulmonary artery catheters. Epidemiologic characteristics and multivariate analysis of risk factors. Chest 1993; 103 (1): 132–136.
   Google Scholar
• Leon M, Garcia M, Herranz MA, et al. Diagnostic value of Gram staining of pen-catheter skin and the connection in the prediction of intravascular-catheter-related bacteremia. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1998; 16 (5): 214–218.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fortun J, Perez-Molina JA, Asensio A, et al. Semiquantitative culture of subcutaneous segment for conserv-ative diagnosis of intravascular catheter-related infection. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000; 24 (4): 210–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Baba M, Bodey G. Diagnosis of catheter-related infections: the role of surveillance and targeted quantitative skin cultures. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 20 (3): 593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusforth J, Hoy C, Kite P, Puntis J. Rapid diagnosis of central venous catheter sepsis. Lancet 1993; 342 (8868): 402–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite P, Dobbins BM, Wilcox MH, McMahon MJ. Rapid diagnosis of central-venous-catheter-related bloodstream infec-tion without catheter removal. Lancet 1999; 354 (9189): 1504–1507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blot F, Nitenberg G, Chachaty E, et al. Diagnosis of catheter-related bacteraemia: a prospective comparison of the time to positivity of hub-blood versus peripheral-blood cultures. Lancet 1999; 354 (9184): 1071–1077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blot F, Nitenberg G, Brun-Buisson C. New tools in diagnosing catheter-related infections. Support Care Cancer 2000; 8 (4): 287–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevila J, Planes A, Palomar M, et al. Value of dif-ferential quantitative blood cultures in the diagnosis of catheter-related sepsis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 11 (5): 403–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douard M, Arlet G, Longuet P, et al. Diagnosis of venous access port-related infections. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29 (5): 1197–1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh R, Schorin M. Bacillus sp. sepsis associated with Hickman catheters in patients with neoplastic disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6 (9): 851–856.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee C, Bustamante C, Wharton R, Talley E, Wade J. Bacillus infections in patients with cancer. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148 (8): 1769–1774.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jernigan J, Farr B. Short-course therapy of catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1993; 119 (4): 304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lecciones J, Lee J, Navarro E, et al. Vascular catheter-associated fungemia in patients with cancer: analysis of 155 episodes. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14 (4): 875–883.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Vartivarian S, Khan A, Bodey G. Catheter-relat-ed infections caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum complex: 15 cases and review. Rev Infect Dis 1991; 13 (6): 1120–1125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raad I, Sabbagh M. Optimal duration of therapy for catheter-related Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a study of 55 cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14 (1): 1259–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz P, Burillo A, Souza E. Criteria used when initiat-ing antifungal therapy against Candida spp. in the intensive care unit. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2000; 15 (2): 83–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rex J, Bennett J, Sugar A, et al. A randomized trial comaring fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med 1994; 331 (20): 1325–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ibrahim E, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser V, Kollef M. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of blood-stream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest 2000; 118 (1): 146–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketley N, Kelsey S, Newland A. Teicoplanin and oral ciprofloxacin as outpatient treatment of infective episodes in patients with indwelling central venous catheters and haemato-logical malignancy. Clin Lab Haematol 1995; 17 (1): 71–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubin L, Shih S, Shende A, Karayalcin G, Lanzkowsky P. Cure of implantable venous port-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric hematology-oncology patients without catheter removal. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29 (1): 102–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Fontanet A. Management of complications associated with totally implantable ports in patients with AIDS. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2001; 15 (1): 7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo P, Fontanet A, Sanchez F, Allende L, Vazquez G. Morbidity associated with long-term use of totally implantable ports in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29 (2): 346–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao J, O'Meara A, Harvey T, Breatnach F. A new approach to the management of Broviac catheter infection. J Hosp Infect 1992; 22 (2): 109–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing B, Peitra-Cohen S, Debure A, Beliah M, Bernier J. Antibiotic-lock technique: a new approach to opti-mal therapy for catheter-related sepsis in home-parenteral nutrition patients. J Parenter Nutr 1988; 12 (2): 185–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevila J, Segarra A, Planes A, et al. Successful treatment of haemodialysis catheter-related sepsis without catheter removal. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1993; 8 (3): 231–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capdevila JA. Catheter-related infection: an update on diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Int J Infect Dis 1998; 2 (4): 230–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krzywda EA, Andris DA, Edmiston CE, Quebbeman EJ. Treatment of Hickman catheter sepsis using antibiotic lock technique. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995; 16 (10): 596–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benoit J, Carandang G, Sitrin M, Arnow P. Intraluminal antibiotic treatment of central venous catheters infections in patients receiving parenteral nutrition at home. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21 (5): 1286–1288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson D, Johnson F, Goldman S. Preliminary results treating persistent central venous catheter infections with the antibiotic lock technique in pediatric patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13 (10): 930–931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheim BA. Optimal management of central venous catheter-related infections—what is the evidence? J Infect 2000; 40 (1): 26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andris DA, Krzywda EA, Edmiston CE, Krepel CJ, Gohr CM. Elimination of intraluminal colonization by antibiotic lock in silicone vascular catheters. Nutrition 1998; 14 (5): 427–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurewitsch B, Lee T, Park J, Jeejeebhoy K. Taurolidine 2% as an antimicrobial lock solution for prevention of recur-rent catheter-related bloodstream infections. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1998; 22 (4): 242–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carratala J, Niubo J, Fernandez-Sevilla A, et al. Randomized, double-blind trial of an antibiotic-lock technique for prevention of gram-positive central venous catheter-related infection in neutropenic patients with cancer. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43 (9): 2200–2204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrickson KJ, Axtell RA, Hoover SM, et al. Prevention of central venous catheter-related infections and thrombotic events in immunocompromised children by the use of vancomycin/ ciprofloxacin/ heparin flush solution: A ran-domized, multicenter, double-blind trial. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18 (6): 1269–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar