Scedosporium Species Infections and Treatments

REFERENCES

• Walsh TJ, Groll AH. Emerging fungal pathogens: evolv-ing challenges to immunocompromised patients for the twen-ty-first century. Transplant Infect Dis 1999; 1: 247–261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saccardo PA. In notae mycologicae, Series XIII. Ann Mycol 1911; 9: 254–255.
   Google Scholar
• Shear CL. Life history of an undescribed ascomycete isolated from granular mycetoma of man. Mycologica 1922; 14: 239–243.
   Google Scholar
• Emmons CW. Allescheria boydii and Monosporium apiospermum. Mycologica 1944; 36: 188–193.
   Google Scholar
• Malloch D, Salkin IF. A new species of Scedosporium associated with osteomyelitis in humans. Mycotaxon 1984; 21: 247–255.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennebert GL, Desai BC. Lomentospora prolificans, a new hyphomycetes from greenhouse soil. Mycotaxon 1974; 1: 45–50.
   Google Scholar
• Gueho E, DeHoog GS. Taxonomy of the medical species of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium. J Mycol Med 1991; 1: 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Vartivarian SE, Anaissie EJ, Bodey GP. Emerging fungal pathogens in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17 (suppl 2): S487-S491.
   Google Scholar
• Tadros TS, Workowski KA, Siegel RJ, Hunter S, Schwartz DA. Pathology of hyalohyphomycosis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii): an emerging mycosis. Human Pathol 1998; 29: 1266–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. Pseudallescheriasis and Scedosporium infection. In: Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE, eds. Medical Mycology. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1992: 678–694.
   Google Scholar
• deHoog GS, Marvin-Sikkema FD, Lahpoor GA, Gottschall JC, Prins RA, Gueho E. Ecology and physiology of the emerging opportunistic fungi Pseudallescheria boydii and Scedosporium prolificans. Mycoses 1994; 37: 71–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cano J, Guarro J, Mayayo E, Fernandez-Ballart J. Experimental infection with Scedosporium inflatum. J Med Vet Mycol 1992; 30: 413–420.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz-Diez B, Martinez-Suarez JV. Isolation, characteriza-tion, and antifungal susceptibility of melanin-deficient mutants of Scedosporium prolificans. Curr Microbiol 2003; 46: 228–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salesa R, Burgos A, Ondiviela R, Richard C, Quindos G, Ponton J. Fatal disseminated infection by Scedosporium inflatum after bone marrow transplantation. Scand J Infect Dis 1993; 25: 389–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berenguer J, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Richard C, et al. Deep infections caused by Scedosporium prolificans. A report on 16 cases in Spain and a review of the literature. Scedosporium prolificans Spanish Study Group. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76: 256–265.
   Google Scholar
• Summerbell RC, Krajden S, Kane J. Potted plants in hospitals as reservoirs of pathogenic fungi. Mycopathologica 1989; 106: 13–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood GM, McCormack JG, Muir DB, et al. Clinical features of human infection with Scedosporium inflatum. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 14: 1027–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idigoras P, Perez-Trallero E, Pineiro L, et al. Disseminated infection and colonization by Scedosporium prolificans: a review of 18 cases, 1990-1999. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: e158–165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San Millan R, Quindos G, Garaizar J, Salesa R, Guarro J, Ponton J. Characterization of Scedosporium prolificans clinical isolates by randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2270–2274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Diez B, Martin-Diez F, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Alvarez M, Martinez-Suarez JV. Use of random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and PCR-fingerprinting for genotyping a Scedosporium prolificans (inflatum) outbreak in four leukemic patients. Curr Microbiol 1997; 35: 186–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zouhair R, Defontaine A, Ollivier C, et al. Typing of Scedosporium apiospermum by multilocus enzyme elec-trophoresis and random amplification of polymorphic DNA. J Med Microbiol 2001; 50: 925–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson ECM, Speers D, Arthur IH, Harnett G, Ryan G, Inglis TJJ. Molecular epidemiology of Scedosporium apiospermum infection determined by PCR amplification of ribosomal intergenic spacer sequences in patients with chronic lung disease. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 47–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defontaine A, Zouhair R, Cimon B, et al. Genotyping study of Scedosporium apiospermum isolates from patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2108–2114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson CM, O'Rourke EJ, McGinnis MR, Salkin IF. Scedosporium inflatum: clinical spectrum of a newly recog-nized pathogen. J Infect Dis 1990; 161: 102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maertens J, Lagrou K, Deweerdt H, et al. Disseminated infection by Scedosporium prolificans: an emerging fatality among hematology patients. Case report and review. Ann Hematol 2000; 79: 304–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapia NI, Richard C, Baro J, et al. Scedosporium inflatum infection in immunocompromised haematologicl patients. Br J Haematol 1994; 87: 212–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrillo AJ, Guarro J. In vitro activities of four novel triazoles against Scedosporium spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 2151–2153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkin IF, McGinnis MR, Dykstra MJ, Rinaldi MG. Scedosporium inflatum, an emerging pathogen. J Clin Microbiol 1988; 26: 498–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao M, Messner AH. Fungal malignant otitis externa due to Scedosporium apiospermum. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2001; 110: 377–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farina C, Arosio M, Marchesi G, Amer M. Scedosporium apiospermum post-traumatic cranial infection. Brain Injury 2002; 16: 627–631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumelt S, Cohen I, Lefler E, Rehany U. Corneal co-infection with Scedosporium apiospermum and Acanthamoeba after sewage-contaminated corneal injury. Cornea 2001; 20: 112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, Ying H, Yiu S, Irvine J, Smith R. Fungal keratitis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum: report of two cases and review of treatment. Cornea 2002; 21: 519–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor A, Wiffen SJ, Kennedy CJ. Post-traumatic Scedosporium inflatum endophthalmitis. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2002; 30: 47–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiratli H, Uzun O, Kiraz N, Eldem B. Scedosporium apiospermum chorioretinitis. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2001; 79: 540–542.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kiraz N, Gulbas Z, Akgun Y, Uzun O. Lymphadenitis caused by Scedosporium apiospermum in an immunocompe-tent patient. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32: E59–E61.
   Google Scholar
• Canet JJ, Pagerols X, Sanchez C, Vives P, Garau J. Lymphocutaneous syndrome due to Scedosporium apiosper-mum. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001; 7: 648–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severo LC, Oliveira F, Garcia CD, Uhlmann A, Londero AT. Peritonitis by Scedosporium apiospermum in a patient undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1999; 41: 263–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eckburg PB, Zolopa AR, Montoya JG. Invasive fungal sinusitis due to Scedosporium apiospermum in a patient with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 212–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machado CM, Martins MA, Heins-Vaccari EM, et al. Scedosporium apiospermum sinusitis after bone marrow transplantation: report of a case. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1998; 40: 321–323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sobottka I, Deneke J, Pothman W, Heinemann A, Mack D. Fatal native valve endocarditis due to Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii) following trauma. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18: 387–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Bryan TA, Browne FA, Schonder JF. Scedosporium apiospermum (Pseudallescheria boydii) endocarditis. J Infect 2002; 44: 189–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach WJ, Schell WA, Miller JL, Perfect JR. Scedosporium prolificans osteomyelitis in an immunocompe-tent child treated with voriconazole, caspofungin and local polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 3981–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horre R, Feil E, Stangel AP, et al. Scedosporiosis of the brain with fatal outcome after traumatization of the foot. Mycoses 2000; 43: 33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerczek TW, Donahue JM, Hunt RJ. Scedosporium prolificans infection associated with arthritis and osteomyelitis in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2001; 218: 1800–1802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salkin IF, Cooper CR, Bartges JW, Kemna ME, Rinaldi MG. Scedosporium inflatum osteomyelitis in a dog. J Clin Microbiol 1992; 30: 2797–2800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green Jr. WO, Adams TE. Mycetoma in the United States: review and report of seven additional cases. Am J Clin Pathol 1964; 42: 75–91.
   Google Scholar
• Le Gouill SL, Morineau N, Miegeville M, Milipied N, Harousseau JL, Moreau P. Pseudallescheria boydii osteoarthritis in a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a case report. Rev Med Interne 1999; 20: 434–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari RA, Hindson DA, Stevens DL, Kloss JG. Pseudoallescheria boydii arthritis and osteomyelitis in a patient with Cushing's disease. South Med J 1987; 80: 90–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatto J, Paterson D, Davis L, Lockwood L, Allworth A. Vertebral osteomyelitis due to Pseudallescheria boydii. Pathology 1997; 29: 238–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreter de Granda ME, Richard C, Conde E, et al. Endocarditis caused by Scedosporium prolificans after autolo-gous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2001; 20: 215–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza E, Munoz P, Vega L, Rodriguez-Creixems N, Berenguer J, Escudero A. Clinical resolution of Scedosporium prolificans fungemia associated with reversal of neutropenia following administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating fac-tor. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 23: 192–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusne S, Ariyanayagam-Baksh S, Strollo DC, Abernethy J. Invasive Scedosporium apiospermum infection in a heart transplant recipient presenting with multiple skim nodules and a pulmonary consolidation. Transplant Infect Dis 2000; 2: 194–196.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bower CPR, Oxley JD, Campbell CK, Archer CB. Cutaneous Scedosporim apiospermum infection in an immunocompromised patient. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52: 846–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AG, Crain SM, Dejongh C, Thomas GM, Vigorito RD. Systemis pseudallescheriasis in a patient with acute myelocytic leukemia. Mycopathologia 1985; 90: 85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Howell DN, Perfect JR, Schell WA. Morphologic criteria for the preliminary identification of Fusarium, Paecilomyces, and Acremonium species by histopathology. Am J Clin Pathol 1998; 109: 45–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein EF, Schuster MG, Stieritz DD, Hecman PC, Uitto J. Disseminated cutaneous Pseduallescheria boydii. Br J Dermatol 1995; 132: 456–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruxin TA, Steck WD, Helm TN, Bergfeld WF, Bolwell BJ. Pseudalleshceria boydii in an immunocompromised host: successful treatment with debridement and itraconazole. Arch Dermatol 1996; 132: 382–384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miyamoto T, Sasaoka R, Kawaguchi M, et al. Scedosporium apiospermum skin infection: a case report and review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 39: 498–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miele PS, Levy CS, Smith MA, et al. Primary cuta-neous fungal infections in solid organ transplantation: a case series. Am J Transplant 2002; 2: 678–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campagnaro EL, Woodside KJ, Early MG, et al. Disseminated Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum) infection in a renal transplant patient. Transplant Infect Dis 2002; 4: 207–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaveiro MA, Vieira R, Cardoso J, Afonso A. Cutaneous infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum in an immunnosuppressed patient. Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 47–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munoz P, Mann M, Tornero P, Martin Rabadan P, Rodriguez-Creixems M, Souza E. Successful outcome of Scedosporium apiospermum disseminated infection treated with voriconazole in a patient receiving corticosteroid therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 499–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meletiadis J, Meis JFGM, Mouton JW, et al. In vitro activities of new and conventional antifungal agents against clinical Scedosporium isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 62–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann J, Sanz MA, Guarro J, et al. Disseminated Scedosporium inflatum infection in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991; 10: 759–761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortoneda M, Pastor FJ, Mayayo E, Guarro J. Comparison of the virulence of Scedosporium prolificans strains from different origins in a murine model. J Med Microbiol 2002; 51: 924–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Carter RA, Crippa F, Wald A, Corey L. Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoi-etic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 909–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revankar SG, Patterson JE, Sutton DA, Pullen R, Rinaldi MG. Disseminated phaeohyphomycosis: review of an emerging mycosis. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 467–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimon B, Carrere J, Vinatier JF, Chazalette JP, Chabasse D, Bouchara JP. Clinical significance of Scedosporium apiospermum in patients with cystic fibrosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19: 53–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguin H, Nolard N. Mould biodiversity in homes. Air and surface analysis of 130 dwellings. Aerobiologia 1994; 10: 157–166.
   Google Scholar
• Can M, Fruit J, Rousseaux P, et al. Scedosporium (Monosporium) apiospermum: multiple brain abscesses. Sabouraudia 1985; 23: 371–376.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruchel R, Wilichowski E. Cerebral Pseudallescheria mycosis after near-drowning. Mycoses 1995; 38: 473–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torok L, Simon G, Csornai A, Tapai M, Torok I. Scedosporium apiospermum infection imitating lymphocuta-neous sporotrichosis in a patient with myeloblastic-monocytic leukaemia. Br J Dermatol 1995; 133: 805–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Arata MI, Otero MJ, Zomeno M, de la Figuera MA, de las Cuevas MC, Lopez-Brea M. Scedosporium apiospermum pneumonia after autologous bone marrow transplantation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15: 600–603.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto MR, Mulloy B, Haido RM, Travassos LR, BarretoBergter E. A peptidohamnomannan from the mycelium of Pseudallescheria boydii is a potential diagnostic antigen of this emerging human pathogen. Microbiology 2001; 147: 1499–1506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauffman CA, Standard PG, Jalbert M, Kraft DE. Immunohistologic identification of Aspergillus spp. and other hyaline fungi using polyclonal fluorescent antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2206–2209.
   Google Scholar
• Wedde M, Muller D, Tintelnot K, de Hoog GS, Stahl U. PCR-based identification of clinically relevant Pseudallescheria / Scedosporium strains. Med Mycol 1998; 36: 61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagari Y, Ishioka S, Ohyama F, Mihara M. Cutaneous infection showing sporotrichoid spread caused by Pseudallescheria boydii (Scedosporium apiospermum): suc-cessful detection of fungal DNA in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections by seminested PCR. Arch Dermatol 2002; 138: 271–272.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sandhu GS, Kline BC, Stockman L, Roberts CD. Molecular probes for diagnosis of fungal infections. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2913–2919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuenca-Estrella M, Ruiz-Diez B, Martinez-Suarez JV, Monzon A, Rodriguez-Tudela JL. Comparative in-vitro activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496) and six other antifungal agents against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 149–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Poeta M, Schell WA, Perfect JR. In vitro activity of pneumocandin L-743-872 against a variety of clinically impor-tant molds. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1835–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radford SA, Johnson EM, Warnock DW. In vitro stud-ies of activity of voriconazole (UK-109,496), a new triazole antifungal agent, against emerging and less-common mold pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 841–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson EM, Szekely A, Warnock DW. In-vitro activity of voriconazole, itraconazole and amphotericin B against fila-mentous fungi. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 42: 741–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meletiadis J, Meis JFGM, Mouton JW, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE. Comparison of NCCLS and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thi-azyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) methods of in vitro susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi and development of a new simplified method. J ClinMicrobiol 2000; 38: 2949–2954.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A. In vitro activity of the new triazole voriconazole (UK-109,496) against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and common and emerging yeast pathogens. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A. Comparison of in vitro activities of the new triazole 5CH56592 and the echinocandins MK-0991 (L-743,872) and LY303366 against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and yeasts. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 2950–2956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A. In vitro fungicidal activities of voriconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin B against oppor-tunistic moniliaceous and dermatiaceous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 954–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnis MR, Pasarell L, Sutton DA, Fothergill AW, Cooper CRJ, Rinaldi MG. In vitro activity of voriconazole against selected fungi. Med Mycol 1998; 36: 239–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbaric D, Shaw PJ. Scedosporium infection in immunocompromised patients: successful use of liposomal amphotericn B and itraconazole. Med Pedtr Oncol 2001; 37: 122–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carrillo-Munoz AJ, Quindos G, Tur C, et al. Comparative in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin B lipid complex, amphotericin B and fluconazole. Chemotherapy 2000; 46: 235–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham R, Mitchell DC. Amphotericin B respon-sive Scedosporium apiospermum infection in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Pathol 1996; 49: 93–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickles RW, Pacey DE, Muir DB, Merrell WH. Experience with infection by Scedosporium prolificans includ-ing apparent cure with fluconazole therapy. J Infect 1996; 33: 193–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A, Boyle K, Sheehan DJ. In vitro activi-ties of voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: review of the literature. Mycopathologica 2001; 150: 101–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponton J, Ruchel R, Clemons KV, et al. Emerging pathogens. Med Mycol 2000; 38: 225–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez G, Tijerina R, Najvar L, et al. Therapeutic efficacy of posaconazole in a murine Pseudallescheria boydii infection [Abstract J-1615] In: 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, (Chicago, IL), 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Meletiadis J, Mouton JW, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Meis JFGM, Verweij PE. In vitro interaction of terbinafine with itra-conazole against clinical isolates of Scedosporium prolificans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 470–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meletiades J, Mouton JW, Meis JFG, Verweij PE, Network E. Comparison of different models to determine the in vitro synergistic interaction between voriconazole and terbinafine against Scedosporium prolificans [Abstract J-126] In: 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, (Chicago, IL), 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Meletiades J, Mouton JW, Meis JFGM, Verweij PE. In vitro drug interaction modeling of combinations of azoles with terbinafine against clinical Scedosporium prolificans isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 106–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Peter J, McGough DA, Fothergill AW, Rinaldi MG, Pizzo PA. Activities of amphotericin B and anti-fungal azoles alone and in combination against Pseudallescheria boydii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1361-1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afeltra J, Dannaoui E, Meis JF, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Verweij PE. In vitro synergistic interaction between ampho-tericin B and pentamidine against Scedosporium prolificans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3323–3326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li RK, Rinaldi MG. In vitro antifungal activity of nikkomycin Z in combination with fluconazole or itraconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 1401–1405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Lamaignere C, Roilides E, Maloukou A, Georgopoulou I, Petrikkos G, Walsh TJ. Amphotericin B lipid complex exerts additive antifungal activity in combination with polymorphonuclear leucocytes against Scedosporium prolifi-cans and Scedosporium apiospermum. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 1027–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Lamaignere C, Maloukou A, Rodriguez-Tudela JL, Roilides E. Human phagocytic cell responses to Scedosporium prolificans. Med Mycol 2001; 39: 169–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil-Lamaignere C, Roilides E, Mosquera J, Maloukou A, Walsh TJ. Antifungal triazoles and polymorphonuclear leukocytes synergize to cause increased hyphal damage to Scedosporium prolificans and Scedosporium apiospermum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2234–2237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortoneda M, Capilla J, Pujol I, et al. Liposomal amphotericin B and granulocyte colony-stimualting factor ther-apy in a murine model of invasive infection by Scedosporium prolificans. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49: 525–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg SL, Geha DJ, Marshall WF, Inwards DJ, Hoagland HC. Successful treatment of simultaneous pul-monary Pseduallescheria boydii and Aspergillus terreus infection with oral itraconazole. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 16: 803–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torre-Cisneros J, Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Hodges MR, Lutsar I. Voriconazole for the treatment of S. apiospermum and S. prolificans infeection [Abstract 305] In: 38th Infectious Diseases Society of America Meeting, (New Orleans, LA), 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Perfect JR, Man KA, Walsh TJ, et al. Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1122–1131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellinghoff IK, Winston DJ, Mukwaya G, Schiller GJ. Treatment of Scedosporium apiospermum brain abscesses with posaconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 1648–1650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verweij PE, Cox NJ, Meis JFGM. Oral terbinafine for treatment of pulmonary Pseudallescheria boydii infection refractory to itraconazole therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997; 16: 26–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbach WJ, Perfect JR. Newer antifungal therapy for emerging fungal pathogens. Int J Infect Dis 2003; 7: 5–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Espinel-Ingroff A. Comparison of the E-test with NCCLS M38-P method for antifungal susceptibility testing of common and emerging pathogenic filamentous fungi. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 1360-1367.
   Google Scholar
• Huczko E, Minassian B, Washo T, Bonner D, Fung-Tomc J. In vitro activity of ravuconazole against Zygomycetes, Scedosporium and Fusarium isolates [Abstract J-810] In: 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, (Chicago, IL), 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Hennequin C, Benailly N, Silly C, et al. In vitro sus-ceptibilities to amphotericin B, itraconazole, and miconazole of filamentous fungi isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2064–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida K, Nishiyama Y, Yokota N, Yamaguchi H. In vitro antifungal activity of a novel lipopeptide antifungal agent, FK463, against various fungal pathogens. J Antibiot 2000; 53: 1175–1181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Marco F, Messer SA, Jones RN. In vitro activity of two echinocandin derivatives, LY303366 and MK-0991 (L-743,792), against clinical isolates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Rhizopus, and other filamentous fungi. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis1998; 30: 251–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girmenia C, Luzi G, Monaco M, Martino P. Use of voriconazole in treatment of Scedosporium apiospermum infection: case report. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1436–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabado N, Casanova J-L, Haddad E, et al. Invasive pulmonary infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum in two children with chronic granulomatous disease. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 1437–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nesky MA, McDougal EC, Peacock JEJ. Pseudallescheria boydii brain abscess successfully treated with voriconazole and surgical drainage: case report and literature review of central nervous system Pseudallescheriasis. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 31: 673–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poza G, Montoya J, Redondo C, et al. Meningitis caused by Pseudallescheria boydii treated with voriconazole. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 981–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fietz T, Knauf W, Schwartz S, Thiel E. Intramedullary abscess in a patient with disseminated Scedosporium apiospermum infection. Br J Haematol 2003; 120: 724.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talbot TR, Hatcher J, Davis SF, Pierson RN, Barton R, Dummer S. Scedosporium apiospermum pneumonia and sternal wound infection in a heart transplant recipient. Transplantation 2002; 74: 1645–1647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdar A, Papadopoulos EB, Young JW. Breakthrough Scedosporium apiosperm urn (Pseudallescheria boydii) brain abscess during therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis fol-lowing high-risk allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplan-tation. Scedosporiasis and recent advances in antifungal thera-py. Transplant Infect Dis 2002; 4: 212–217.
   Google Scholar
• Orchiai N, Shimazaki C, Uchida K, et al. Disseminated infection due to Scedosporium apiospermum in a patient with acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia Lymphoma 2003; 44: 369–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martino R, Nomdedeu J, Altes A, et al. Successful bone marrow transplantation in patients with previous invasive fungal infections: report of four cases. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994; 13: 265–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howden BP, Slavin MA, Schwarer AP, Mijch AM. Successful control of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection with a combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 111–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spielberger RT, Tegtmeier BR, O'Donnell MR, Ito JI. Fatal Scedosporium prolificans (S. inflatum) fungemia fol-lowing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: report of a case in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1067.
   Google Scholar