Effect of Multiple Doses of Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin on IL-6, IFNγ and IL-10 Plasma Levels in Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia

REFERENCES

• Labro MT. Effects of macrolides on host natural defences. IN: Bryskier AJ, Butzler JP, Neu HC, Tulkens PM, eds. Macrolides: chemistry, pharmacology and clinical uses. Arnette-Blackwell, Paris, France 1993; 389–408.
   Google Scholar
• Milatovic D. Antibiotics and phagocytosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1993; 2: 414–425.
   Google Scholar
• Rifts RE. Antibiotics as biological response modifiers. J Antimicrob. Chemother 1990; 26(suppl C): 31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labro MT. Interference of antibacterial agents with phagocyte functions: immunomodulation or “immuno-fairy tales"? Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13 (4) 615–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlone NA, Cuffini AM, Tullio V, Sassella D. Comparative effects of roxithromycin and erythromycin on cellular immune functions in vitro. 2. Chemotaxis and phago-cytosis of 3H-Staphylococcus aureus by human macrophages. Microbios 1989; 58: 17–25.
   Google Scholar
• Wenish C, Parschalk B, Zedwitz-Liebenstein K, Weihs A, et al. Meniawi I, Graninger W. Effect of single oral dose of azithromycin, clarithromycin and roxithromycin on polymor-phonuclear leukocyte function assessed ex vivo by flow cytom-etry. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40 (9): 2039–2042.
   Google Scholar
• Scaglione F, Ferrara F, Dugnani S et al. Immunostimulation by clarithromycin in healthy volunteers and chronic bronchitis patients. J Chemother 1993; 5 (4): 228–232.
   Google Scholar
• Gemmel CG. Macrolides and host defences to respiratory tract pathogens. J Hosp Infect 1991; 19(suppl A): 11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keicho N, Kudoh S, Yotsumoto H, Akagawa S. Erythromycin promotes monocyte to macrophage differentia-tion. J Antibiot 1994; 47: 80–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuffini AM, Carlone NA, Tullio V, Borsotto M. Comparative effects of roxithromycin and erythromycin on cellular immune functions in vitro. 3. Killing of intracellular Staphylococcus aureus by human macrophages. Microbios 1989; 58: 27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Xu G, Fujita J, Negayama K et al. Effect of macrolide antibiotics on macrophages functions 1996; 40 (7): 473–479.
   Google Scholar
• van den Broek PJ. Antimicrobial drugs, microorgan-isms, and phagocytes. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: 213–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morikawa K, Oseko F, Morikawa S, Iwamoto K. Immunomodulatory effects of three macrolides, midecamycin acetate, josamycin, and clarithromycin, on human. T-lympho-cyte function in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2643–2647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labro MT, Abdelghaffar H. Immunomodulation by macrolide antibiotics. J Chemother 2001; 13 (1): 3–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ianaro A, Ialenti A, Maffia P, et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of macrolide antibiotics. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 292: 156–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka N, Eguchi K, Kavakami A, et al. Inhibitory effect of clarithromycin on costimulatory molecole expression and cytokine production by synovial fibroblast-like cells. Clin Exp Immunol 1996; 104: 501–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morikawa K, Watabe H, Araake M, Morikawa S. Modulatory effect of antibiotics on cytokine production by human monocytes in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1366–1370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakata K, Yajima H, Tanaka K, et al. Erythromycin inhibits the production of elastase by Pseudomonas aerugi-nosa without affecting its proliferation in vitro. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1061–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MJ, Speelman P, Zaat S, van Deventer JH, vander Poll T. Erythromycin inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 6 production induced by heat-killed Streptococcus pneumoniae in whole blood. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1605–1609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugiyama Y, Yanagisawa K, Tominaga SI, Kitamura S. Effects of long-term administration of erythromycin on cytokine production in rat alveolar macrophages. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 1113–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takizawa H, Desaki M, Ohtoshi T, et al. Erythromycin suppresses interleukin 6 expression by human bronchial cells: a potential mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995; 210: 781–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takizawa H, Desaki M, Ohtoshi T, et al. Erythromycin modulates IL-8 expression in normal and inflamed human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 266–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khair OA, Devalia JL, Abdelaziz MM, Sapsford RJ, Davies RJ. Effect of erythromycin on Haemophilus influenzae endotoxin-induced release of IL-6, IL-8 and SiCAM1 by cul-tured human bronchial epithelial cells. Eur Resp J 1995; 8: 1451-1457.
   Google Scholar
• Oishi K, Sonoda F, Kobayashi S et al. Erithromycin reduces the severity of bronchial hyperesponsiveness in asth-ma. Chest 1991; 99: 670–673.
   Google Scholar
• Itno Y, Toriyama M, Kudo K, Natori Y, You A. Erithromycin inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated tumor necrosis factor alpha production by human monocytes in vitro. Ann Othol Rhynol Laryngol 1992; 101(suppl 157): 16–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AA, Slifer TR, Aranjo FG, et al. Effect of clar-ithromycin and azithromycin on production of cytokines by human monocytes. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 11: 121–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morikawa K, Zhang J, Nonaka M, Morikawa S. Modulatory effect of macrolide antibiotics on the Th-1 and Th-2 type cytokine production. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 19: 53–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohyama T, Takizawa H, Kawasaki S, et al. Fourteen-member macrolides inhibit interleukin-8 release by human eosinophils from atopic donors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43 (4): 907–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurdowska A, Noble JM, Griffith DE. The effect of azithromycin and clarithromycin on ex vivo interleukin 8 (IL8) release from whole blood and IL8 production by human alveo-lar macrophages. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001; 47: 867–870.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallowork B, Coman W, Feron F, McKay-Sim A, Cervin A. Clarithromycin and preednisolone inhibit cytokine production in chronic rhinosinusitis. Laryngoscope 2002; 112: 1827–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichiyama T, Nishikawa M, Yoshitomi T et al. Clarithromycin inhibits NFkB activation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and pulmonary epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45 (1): 44–47.
   Google Scholar
• Kikuchi T, Hagiwara K, Honda Y et al. Clarithromycin suppresses lipopolysaccharide induced interleukin-8 production by human monocytes through AP-1 and NFkB transcription factors. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49: 745–755.
   Google Scholar
• Labro MT. Cefodizime as a biological response modifi-er: a review of its in vivo, ex vivo and in vitro immunomodulatory properties. J Antimicrob Chemother 1990; 26(suppl C): 37–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reato G, Cuffini AM, Tullio V, et al. Co-amoxiclav affects cytokine production by human polymorphonuclear cells. J Antimicrob Chemother 1999; 43: 715–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labro MT. Interactions between antimicrobial agents and phagocytes, an overview. Int J Antimicrob Agents 1993; 3: 73–87.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labro MT. Antiinflammatory activity of macrolides: a new therapeutic potential? J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41(suppl B): 37–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labro MT. Immunological effects of macrolides. Curr Opin Infect Dis 1998; 11: 681–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labro MT. Effects of macrolides on leukocytes and inflammation, In: Zinner SH, Young LS, Acar JF, Neu HC eds. Expanding indications for the new macrolides, azalides, and streptogramins. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York, NY 1997; 101–116.
   Google Scholar
• Abdelghaffar H, Vazifeh D, Labro MT. Erythromycin A-derived macrolides modify the functional activities of human neutrophils by altering the phospholipase D-phosphatidate phosphohydrolase transductional patway. L-Cladinose is involved both in alteration of neutrophil function and modula-tion of this transductional pathway. J Immunol 1997; 159: 3995–4005.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson R, Theron AJ, Feldman C. Membrane-stabi-lizing, anti-inflammatory interaction of macrolides with human neutrophils. Inflammation 1996; 20: 693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar