Future Trends in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy: Expert Opinion on the 43^rd ICAAC

REFERENCES

• Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File TM Jr, Musher DM, Whitney C; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Update of practice guidelines for the management of commu-nity-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1405–33.
   Google Scholar
• Ball P, Baquero F, Cars O et al, for The Consensus Group on Resistance and Prescribing in Respiratory Tract Infection. Antibiotic therapy of community respiratory tract infections: strategies for optimal outcomes and minimized resistance emergence. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49: 31–40.
   Google Scholar
• LIBRA. Antibiotics Chemotherapy LIBRA - a new initia-tive for promoting the appropriate use of antibiotics http://www.librainitiative.com Accessed on October 28, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Guay D. Short-course antimicrobial therapy of respirato-ry tract infections. Drugs 2003; 63: 2169–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan R, Klugman K P, Craig WA, Baquero F. Evidence to support the rationale that bacterial eradication in respiratory tract infection provides guidance for antimicrobial therapy. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 2002; 47: 129–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Sesser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: background, specific aims, and meth-ods. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134: 479–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinman MA, Gonzales R, Linder JA, Landefeld CS. Changing use of antibiotics in community-based outpatient practice, 1991-1999. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 525–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garau J, Dagan R. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis: minimizing bacterial resistance. Clin Ther 2003; 25: 1936–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finch RG, Metlay JP, Davey PG, Baker II. International Forum on Antibiotic Resistance colloquium educational inter-ventions to improve antibiotic use in the community: report from the International Forum on Antibiotic Resistance (IFAR) colloquium, 2002. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004; 4: 44–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orton P. Pressure to prescribe. In: Antimicrobial Resistance (Lord Soulsby, R. Wilbur, editors). International Congress and Symposium Series 247 Royal Society of Medicine Press, Wimpole St., London W1G OAE, pp 139-144.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dmid/antimicrob/default.htm
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Promoting appropriate antibiotic us in the community. Appropriate antibiotic use partners. http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/community.partners.htm. Accessed on October 28, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. GETS-MART Know when antibiotics work. http://www.cdc.gov/getsmart. Accessed on October 28, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/drugre-sist/WHOCDSCSRDRS200110/en/
   Google Scholar
• Beilby J, Marley J, Walker D for the Fiesta Study Group. Effect of changes in antibiotic prescribing on patient outcomes in a community setting: a natural experiment in Australia. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 55–64.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming DM, Ross AM, Cross KW, Kendall H. The reducing incidence of respiratory tract infection and its relation to antibiotic prescribing. Brit J Gen Pract 2003; 53: 778–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Burden of Lung Disease, UK. British Thoracic Society, report, 2000 http://www.brit-thoracic.org.uk/copd/pubsjrameset.html
   Google Scholar
• Scheld WM. Maintaining fluoroquinolone class efficacy: review of influencing factors. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9: 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR, Johnson CE. Macrolide resistance: an increasing concern for treatment failure in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22(8 Suppl):5131–8.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson KB, Tan JS, File TM Jr, DiPersio JR, Willey BM, Low DE. Emergence of levofloxacin-resistant pneumococ-ci in immunocompromised adults after therapy for community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 376–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsueh PR, Teng II, Wu TL, et al SMART Program 2001 Data. Telithromycin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Taiwan with high prevalence of resistance to macrolides and beta-lactams: SMART program 2001 data. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2145–51.
   Google Scholar
• McGee L, Goldsmith CE, Klugman KP. Fluoroquinolone resistance among clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoni-ae belonging to international multiresistant clones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 49: 173–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein EJ, Garabedian-Ruffalo SM. Widespread use of fluoroquinolones versus emerging resistance in pneumococ-ci. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35: 1505–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gherardi G, Whitney CG, Facklam RR, Beall B. Major related sets of antibiotic-resistant Pneumococci in the United States as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pbpla-pbp2b-pbp2x-dhf restriction profiles. J Infect Dis 2000; 181: 216–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corso A, Severina EP, Petruk VF, Mauriz YR, Tomasz A. Molecular characterization of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates causing respiratory dis-ease in the United States. Microb Drug Resist 1998; 4: 325–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter SS, Heilmann KP, Coffman SL, et al. The mol-ecular epidemiology of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneu-moniae in the United States, 1994-2000. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 330–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quale J, Landman D, Ravishankar J, Flores C, Bratu S. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Brooklyn, New York: fluoro-quinolone resistance at our doorstep. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 594–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee L, McDougal L, Thou J, et al. Nomenclature of major antimicrobial-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneu-moniae defined by the pneumococcal molecular epidemiology network. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2565–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney CG, Farley MM, Hadler J, et al. Decline in invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction of pro-tein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1737–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrian PV, Klugman, KP. Mutations in the dihydrofo-late reductase gene of trimethoprim-resistant isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 1997,41: 2406–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gay K, Stephens DS. Structure and dissemination of a chromosomal insertion element encoding macrolide efflux in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Infect Dis 2001; 84: 56–65.
   Google Scholar
• Lonks JR, Garau J, Medeiros AA. Implications of antimicrobial resistance in the empirical treatment of commu-nity-acquired respiratory tract infections: the case of macrolides. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002;50(Suppl 52):87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee L, Klugman KP, Wasas A, Capper T, Brink A. Serotype 19f multiresistant pneumococcal clone harboring two erythromycin resistance determinants (erm(B) and mef(A)) in South Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1595–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bean DC, Klena JD. Prevalence of erm(A) and mef(B) erythromycin resistance determinants in isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from New Zealand. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 597–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montanan MP, Mingoia M, Cochetti I, Varaldo PE. Phenotypes and genotypes of erythromycin-resistant pneumo-cocci in Italy. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 428–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss K, Guilbault C, Cortes L, Restieri C, Low DE Genotypic characterization of macrolide-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated in Quebec, Canada, and in vitro activity of ABT-773 and telithromycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 403–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amezaga MR, Carter PE, Cash P, McKenzie H. Molecular epidemiology of erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from blood and noninva-sive sites. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 3313–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeleman C, Klaassen, De Valk H, Klomberg D, Mouton JW. The pneumococcal macrolide resistance genes mef(A) and mef(E) confer different levels of macrolide-resis-tance to S. pneumoniae. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-68.
   Google Scholar
• Dobay O, Rozgonyi F, Amyes SGB. Characterization of macrolide resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Hungary. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-70
   Google Scholar
• Daly MM, Flamm RK, Shortridge VD. The prevalence of mef(A) vs. mef(E) in S. pneumoniae and the characterizion of associated msr(A) homolog element. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-71.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell DJ, Morrissey I, Bakker S, et al. Association between ribosomal mutations, macrolide resistance (MACR) and reduced susceptibility to linezolid or quinupristin/dalfo-pristin (Q/D) in S. pneumoniae (SPN). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-69.
   Google Scholar
• Kays MB, Wack MF, Smith DW, Denys GA. Azithromycin treatment failure in community-acquired pneu-monia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae resistant to macrolides by a 23S rRNA mutation. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2002; 43: 163–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piddock LJ, Johnson MM, Simjee S, Pumbwe L. Expression of efflux pump gene pmrA in fluoroquinolone-resistant and -susceptible clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae . Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 808–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickman PA, Perry GA, Thomson KS, Hanson ND. A novel mechanism of resistance to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ethidium bromide (EB) in Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP): downregulation of a putative permease. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract Cl 606.
   Google Scholar
• von Gottberg A, Ludewick H, Bamber S, Govind C, Sturm AW, Klugman KP. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resis-tant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a South African child in a tuberculosis treatment facility. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003; 22: 1020–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell LA, Peterson LR, Wise R, et al. The battle against emerging antibiotic resistance: should fluoroquinolones be used to treat children? Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 721–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahm DF, Weaver MK, Flamm RK, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility in Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from sinus specimens: Results from 2000-2003 TRUST surveillance studies. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-924.
   Google Scholar
• Brown SD, Goff D. Trends in antimicrobial resistance among Streptococcus pneumoniae from respiratory tract infections: PROTEKT US Y1 and Y2. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-925.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell DJ, Reinert RR and the PROTEKT Study Group. Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood: PROTEKT 1999-2002. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-933.
   Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Johnson DM, Sadar HS, et al. Recent declines in beta-lactam and MLSB resistances among S. pneu-moniae and age-related effects: Report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program (North America [NA], 1997-2002). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-926.
   Google Scholar
• Green KA, McGeer A, Church D, et al. Trends in antmicrobial resistance in Canadian strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, 1988-2003. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-928.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss K, Restier C, Jubinville N, Low DE. Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance levels to beta-lactams, macrolides, fluoroquinolones and ketolides in Quebec, Canada in 20003: the importance of age. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract CP-929.
   Google Scholar
• Schito GC, Fadda G, Nicoletti G, Marchese A. Antibiotic susceptibility and serotype distribution of S. pneu-moniae circulating in Italy during 2000-2002: results of the SEMPRE surveillance study. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-934.
   Google Scholar
• Andrade SS, Silva JB, Monteiro J, et al. Penicillin and macrolides resistance trends among Streptococcus pneumoni-ae isolated in Latin America between 1998 and 2002: report of SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance program. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-943.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas K. Lalitha MK, Steinhoff MC, Ganesan A. Temporal trends in antimicrobial resistance patterns of inva-sive pneumococci in 7 hospitals in India - a ten year experi-ence. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-947.
   Google Scholar
• Blosser RS, Sahm DF, Thornsberry C, et al. A current persepctive of anitmicrobial resistance among respiratory infections worldwide: results from the GLOBAL surveillance. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-1260.
   Google Scholar
• Nichol KA, Zhanel GG, Hoban DJ. Molecular epidemi-ology of penicillin- (Pen), erythromycin- (Ery) and ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cip-R) Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) in Canada. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-930.
   Google Scholar
• Reinert RR, Appelbaum P, Reinert S, Al-Lahham A. Macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms of pneumococci in Europe. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-931.
   Google Scholar
• Weir S, Macone A, Donatelli J, et al. The mechanism of action of PTK0796. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-751.
   Google Scholar
• Weir S, Macone A, Donatelli J, et al. The activity of PTK0796 against tetracycline resistance. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-752.
   Google Scholar
• Traczewski MM, Brown SD. PTK0796: in vitro potency and spectrum of activity compared to ten other antimicrobial compounds. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-753.
   Google Scholar
• Macone A, Donatelli J, Dumont T, Levy SB, Tanaka SK. In vitro activity of PTK0796 against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-754.
   Google Scholar
• Bowser T, Bhatia B, Chen J, et al. PTK0796 and other novel tetracycline derivatives exhibiting potent in vitro and in vivo activities against antibiotic resistant Gram-positive bacteria. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-755.
   Google Scholar
• Traczewski MM, Brown SD. PTK0796: effects of envri-onmental variation on MICs and confirmation of disk mass. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-756.
   Google Scholar
• McKenney D, Quinn JM, Jackson CL, et al. Evaluation of PTK0796 in experimental models of infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-757.
   Google Scholar
• McKenney D, Quinn JM, Jackson CL, et al. The effica-cy of PTK0796 in murine models of Streptococcus pneumo-niae infections. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-758.
   Google Scholar
• Cannon EP, White NM, Chaturvedi P, et al. Pharmacokinetics of PTK0796 in mouse, rat and cynomolgus monkey. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-759.
   Google Scholar
• Chaturvedi P, Esposito C, Koroma J, Cannon EP, Tanaka SK. In vitro assessment of plasma protein binding and metabolic stability of PTK0796. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-760.
   Google Scholar
• Picazo JJ, Betriu C, Gomez M, et al. In vitro activity of tigecycline compared with other antimicrobial agents against recent clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1526.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds R, Potz N. Activity of tigecycline against 2206 recent bacteremia isolates in the UK and Eire. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1532.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson B, Stevens T, Bouchillon S, et al. In vitro study of tigecycline (GAR-936) against 776 clinical isolates of non-En terobacteriaceae from hospitals across Europe. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1533.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson B, Stevens T, Bouchillon S, et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of tigecycline a novel glycylcycline against clincial isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1535.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson B, Stevens T, Bouchillon S, et al. Tigecycline (GAR-936) a novel glycylcycline with promising anti-staphylo-coccal activity. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1536.
   Google Scholar
• Gales AC, Silva JB, Andrade SS, Sader HS, Jones RN. In vitro activity of the tigecycline, a new glycylcycline, tested ataisnt 1,326 clinical bacterial strains isolated form the Latin American region. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1537.
   Google Scholar
• Ednie LM, Kelly LM, Smith K, et al. Antistaphylococcal activity of dalbavancin compared to those of six other agents. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C1-1631.
   Google Scholar
• Blosser RS, Porter SB, Sahm DF, Loutit JS. In vitro activiy of oritavancin against respiratory and skin and soft tis-sue streptococcal pathogens. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C1-1637.
   Google Scholar
• Gander S, Kinnaird A, L. Baklavadaki L, Finch R. The effect of the novel glycopeptide, TD-6424, on biofilms of sus-ceptible and resistant staphylococci. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2110.
   Google Scholar
• Pace JL, Krause K, Johnston D, et al. In Vitro Activity of TD-6424 against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 3602–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda Y, Pucci MJ, Barrett JF, et al. In vitro antibacter-ial activity, mechanism of action, and resistance development of nocathiacins, new class of thiazolyl peptide antibiotics. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1842.
   Google Scholar
• Butler MM, Lamarr WA, Foster KA, et al. Antibacterial efficacy of novel anilinouracil/fluoroquinolone hybrids. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2143.
   Google Scholar
• Locher HH, Borer Y, Gaertner M, et al. Antibacterial characterization and mode of action of new oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrids. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2145.
   Google Scholar
• Jabes D, Romano G, Burnati C, et al. In vitro charac-teristics of VIC-200603: a new anti Gram-positive antibiotic. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2112.
   Google Scholar
• Draghi DC, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Karlowsky JA. In vitro activity of CB-181963 (formerly CAB-175) against 1,041 Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-544.
   Google Scholar
• Livermore DM, Mushtaq S. PTX 2416, a dihydrox-ypyridone monobactam, vs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains with characterised resistances. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-554.
   Google Scholar
• Gill AE, Taylor K, Lewendon A, et al. Comparative in vitro activity of PTX2416, a dihydroxypridone monobactam, against Gram-negative clinical isolates. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-552.
   Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Huynh H, Biedenbach DJ. Doripenem (5-4661), a novel carbapenem: comparative activity against con-temporary pathogens including anaerobes, bactericidal action and methods evaluations. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-527.
   Google Scholar
• Hackbarth CJ, Lopez S, Wu C, et al. Activity of pep-tide deformylase (PDF) inhibitors against Gram negative bacte-ria. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1479.
   Google Scholar
• Suscheck SJ, Yao S, Sgarbi PWM, et al. Discovery of novel aminoglycosides through OpopSTm glycosylation. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2157.
   Google Scholar
• Bertino J, Jr., Fish D. The safety profile of the fluoro-quinolones. Clin Ther 2000; 22: 798–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tillotson GS, Rybak J. New milestones achieved in fluo-roquinolone safety. Pharmacotherapy. 200121: 358-60.
   Google Scholar
• Ball P. Safety of the new fluoroquinolones compared with ciprofloxacin. J Chemother 2000;12(Suppl 1):8–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia with fluoro-quinolones. Medical Letter. 2003; 45: 64–5.
   Google Scholar
• Ball P. Adverse drug reactions: implications for the development of fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003;51(Suppl 1):21–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuramoto Y, Ohshita Y, Yazaki A. 3D structure-activity relationship (SAR) of 1-(6-amino-3,5-difluoropyridin-2-yl) quinolones. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-422
   Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, Palatnick L, Smith H, et al. ABT-492 demonstrates potent activity against Canadian respiratory tract infection (RTI) pathogens isolated from 2001-2003. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-423.
   Google Scholar
• Ball P, Mandell L, Tillotson GS. Oral gemifloxacin 320 mg, once daily: a safety profile in context. IJAA in press.
   Google Scholar
• Kwak J, Seol MJ, Kim JH, et al. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of the new fluoroquinolone, DW-224a. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-415.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR, Bajaksouzian S, Windau A, et al. WCK-1152 and WCK-1153, novel quinolone compounds: activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. 43r3 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-436.
   Google Scholar
• Takei M, Asahina Y, Gomori H, Fukuda Y, Fukuda H. Antibacterial activity of AM-1939, a novel fluoroquinolone, having potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria including quinolone-resistant strains. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-425.
   Google Scholar
• Ubukata K, Hasegawa K, Morozumi M, Murayama S. Antibacterial activity of DK-507k, a novel fluoroquinolone, against clinical isolates in pediatric infections. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-426.
   Google Scholar
• Ohshita Y, Kuramoto Y, Yazaki A. WQ-2932, a high-ly potent fluoroquinolone against ciprofloxaicn-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-429.
   Google Scholar
• Inagaki H, Miyauchi RN, Itoh M, et al. DX-619, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone: synthesis and in vitro antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Gram-positive bacteria. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1054.
   Google Scholar
• Patel MV, Gupte SV, Shetty NM, et al. WCK 771—an investigational fluoroquinolone(FQ) with high intravenous (i.v.) tolerability. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-431.
   Google Scholar
• Watanabe S. Ito T, Hiramatsu K. In vitro activity of novel des-F(6)-quinolone DX-619 against healthcare-associated and community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococci with and without reduced susceptibility to glycopepetide antibi-otics. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1055.
   Google Scholar
• Esel D, Kelly L, Bozdogan B, Appelbaum PC. Comparative activity of DX-619, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone, against quinolone resistant staphylococci wwith defined resis-tance mechanisms. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1059.
   Google Scholar
• Credito KL, Lin G, Bozdogan B, Jacobs MR, Appelbaum PC. Time-kill study of the antistaphylococcal activ-ity of DX-619 (including against a VRSA strain) compared to 8 other agents. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1058.
   Google Scholar
• Kurosaka Y, Nishida S, Ishii C, et al. DX-619, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone: pharmacodynamics (PD) activity and thera-peutic efficacy in animal infection models. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1061.
   Google Scholar
• Yanagihara K, Tashiro M, Okada M, et al. Efficacy of DX-619 in MRSA and vancomycin-insensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) hematogeneous pulmonary infection model. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1057.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya Y, Goto K, Igarashi M, Jindo T, Furuhama K. DX-619, a novel des-F(6)-quinolone: safety evaluation in preclinical studies. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1062.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR, Felmingham D, Appelbaum PC, Gruneberg RN; The Alexander Project Group. The Alexander Project 1998-2000: susceptibility of pathogens isolated from community-acquired respiratory tract infection to commonly used antimicrobial agents. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52: 229–46.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs MR. In vivo veritas: in vitro macrolide resis-tance in systemic Streptococcus pneumoniae infections does result in clinical failure. Clin Infect Dis. 2002; 35: 565–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garau J. Treatment of drug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 404–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• File TM Jr, Tan JS. International guidelines for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: the role of macrolides. Drugs 2003; 63: 181–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moellering RC Jr, Craig W, Edmond M, et al. Clinical and public health implications of macrolide-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Chemother 2002;14;(Suppl 3):42–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blosser RS, Flamm RK, Thornsberry C, Hogan PA, Sahm DF. Macrolide and ketolide ativity against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: a current persepective. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract E-1524.
   Google Scholar
• Phan LT, Amsler K, Polemeropoulos A, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of EP-13159: a novel fluoro ketolide active against MRSA and VRE and with exceptional activities against resistant streptococci. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1189.
   Google Scholar
• Arya A, Scorneaux B, Polemeropoulos A, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of EP-131417: a novel 2-fluoro ketolide highly active against resistant pathogens and having exceptional pharmacokinetic properties. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1190.
   Google Scholar
• Scorneaux B, Arya A, Polemeropoulos A, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of EP-13420: a novel ketolide highly active against resistant pathogens and having excep-tional pharmacokinetic properties in the dog. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1191.
   Google Scholar
• Scorneaux B, Arya A, Polemeropoulos A, et al. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of EP-13543: a novel ketolide active against resistant pathogens and efficacious in a H. influenzae mice lung infection model. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1192.
   Google Scholar
• Chu D, Barker L, Shawar R, et al. CHIR 380 and CHIR 988: two novel potent ketolides. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-1202.
   Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Deshpande LM, Mutnick AH, Biedenbach DJ. In vitro evaluation of BAL9141, a novel parenteral cephalosporin active against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50: 915–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Issa NC, Rouse MS, Piper KE, et al. In vitro activity of BAL9141 against U.S. clincial isolates of Gram-negative bac-terial. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-540.
   Google Scholar
• Entenza JM, Hohl P, Heinze-Krauss I, Glauser MP, Moreillon P. BAL9141, a novel extended-spectrum cephalosporin active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in treatment of experimental endo-carditis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 171–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung-Tomc JC, Clark J, Minassian B, et al. In vitro and in vivo activities of a novel cephalosporin, BMS-247243, against methicillin-resistant and -susceptible staphylococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 971–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamberland S, Blais J, Hoang M, et al. In vitro activ-ities of RWJ-54428 (MC-02,479) against multiresistant gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1422-30.
   Google Scholar
• Bush K, Abbanat D, Davies T, et al. In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of RWJ-442831, a prodrug of the anti-MRSA cephalosporin RWJ-54428. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-548.
   Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Johnson DA, Jones RN. Antimicrobial activity of LB11058, a novel cephalosporin, tested against staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-546.
   Google Scholar
• Yamano Y, HoniT, Munekage, et al. S-3578, a new borad-spectrum cephalosporin with anti-MRSA activity: in vitro pharmacodynamic evaluation against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-551.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson CE, Lambert PA, Simpson IN. In vitro and in vivo activities of AM-112, a novel oxapenem. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1652–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamieson CE, Lambert PA, Simpson IN. In vitro activi-ties of novel oxapenems, alone and in combination with cef-tazidime, against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 2615–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM. Linezolid in vitro: mechanism and antibacterial spectrum. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51 (Suppl 2): ii9-16.
   Google Scholar
• MacGowan AP. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacody-namic profile of linezolid in healthy volunteers and patients with Gram-positive infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51 (Suppl 2): ii17-25.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace RJ Jr, Brown-Elliott BA, Ward SC, Crist CJ, Mann LB, Wilson RW. Activities of linezolid against rapidly growing mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 764–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown-Elliott BA, Crist CJ, Mann LB, Wilson RW, Wallace RJ Jr. In vitro activity of linezolid against slowly grow-ing nontuberculous Mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1736–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alcala L, Ruiz-Serrano MJ, Perez-Fernandez Turegano C, et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are susceptible or resistant to first-line antituberculous drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 416–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown-Elliott BA, Ward SC, Crist CJ, Mann LB, Wilson RW, Wallace RJ Jr. In vitro activities of linezolid against multiple Nocardia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 1295–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vera-Cabrera L, Gomez-Flores A, Escalante-Fuentes WG, Welsh O. In vitro activity of PNU-100766 (linezolid), a new oxazolidinone antimicrobial, against Nocardia brasilien-sis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45: 3629–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moylett EH, Pacheco SE, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of nocardia infection. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 313–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Anderegg TR, Biedenbach DJ, Mutnick AH. First annual report from the worldwide ZAPPS oxazolidi-none resistance and usage surveillance program (2002). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C2-2172.
   Google Scholar
• Engemann JJ, Joyce MJ, Harrell II, et al. Outbreak of linezolid-resistant Enterococcus faecium bloodstream infec-tions on an oncology ward. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract K-1112.
   Google Scholar
• Patterson DL, Potoski BA, Kolano J, et al. Fatal infec-tion due to Staphylococcus aureus with decreased linezolid susceptibility. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract K-1405.
   Google Scholar
• Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G. Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 2001; 358: 207–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn JP. Resistance in enterococci and staphylococci: clinical experience. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract 1783.
   Google Scholar
• Carsenti H, Vandenbos F, Galimand M, et al. Emergence of linezolid (LIN) resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae can be associated with loss of erythromycin (ERY) resistance. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C1-2124.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenbos F, Galimand M, Carsenti H, et al. Mechanism of resistance to linezolid in Streptococcus pneu-moniae. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract C1-2126.
   Google Scholar
• Hackbarth CJ, Gomez M, Asano RL, et al. In vitro activity of new oxazolidinones against anaerobic bacteria. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2101.
   Google Scholar
• Samuel MM, Agarwal SK. Comparative invitro activity of the new oxazolidinone OCID 0050, linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin against oxacillin resistant staphylococci. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2103.
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra S, Rao M, Gupta R, et al. RBx 8700, a sec-ond generation oxazolidinone has concentration dependent bactericidal activity against slow growing mycobacteria. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2105.
   Google Scholar
• Foleno BD, Goldschmidt RM, Wira E, et al. Activity of the pyrroloaryl-substituted oxazolidinones RWJ-334181 and RWJ-337813 against mycobacteria and drug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract F-2102.
   Google Scholar
• Gordeev MF, Hackbarth C, Barbachyn MR, et al. Novel oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid antimicrobials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003; 13: 4213–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stalker DJ, Jungbluth GL, Hopkins NK, Batts DH. Pharmacokinetics and tolerance of single- and multiple-dose oral or intravenous linezolid, an oxazolidinone antibiotic, in healthy volunteers. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 51: 1239–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attassi K, Hershberger E, Alam R, Zervos MJ. Thrombocytopenia associated with linezolid therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 34: 695–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orrick JJ, Johns T, Janelie J, Ramphal R. Thrombocytopenia secondary to linezolid administration: what is the risk? Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35: 348–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein WB, Trotta RF, Rector JT, Tjaden JA, Barile AJ. Mechanisms for linezolid-induced anemia and thrombocytopenia. Ann Pharmacother 2003; 37: 517–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abena PA, Mathieux VG, Scheiff JM, Michaux LM, Vandercam BC. Linezolid and reversible myelosuppression. JAMA 2001; 286: 1973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcinak JF, Frank AL. Treatment of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in chil-dren. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2003; 16: 265–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postier R, Klein S, Green S, Loh E. Results of a phase 2, open-label, safety, and efficacy study to tigecycline to treat complicated skin and skin structure infections in hospitalized patients. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-738.
   Google Scholar
• Murray J, Wilson S, Klein S, Yellin A, Loh E. The clin-ical response to tigecycline in the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections in hospitalized patients, a phase 2 clinidal trial. 43 rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-739.
   Google Scholar
• Campanaro ES, Tally FP, Eisenstein BI, Arbeit RD. Comparison of efficacy and safety of daptomycin (DAP) versus semi-synthetic penicillin (SSP) and vancomycin (VAN) in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSI). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-737.
   Google Scholar
• Knapp AG, Tally FP, Arbeit RD. Skeletal muscle effects in patients receiving once-daily daptomycin (DAP) for complicated skin and skin structure infection (cSSSI). 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-736.
   Google Scholar
• Garau J, Jacobs MR, Wynne B, Berkowitz E, Twynholm M. Pharmacokinetically-enhanced amoxicillin/clavu-lanate (AMX/CA) 2000/125 mg in the treatment of commu-nity-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and acute bacterial sinusitis (ABS) caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-1382.
   Google Scholar
• Sethi 5, Breton J, Wynne B. Efficacy and safety of pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin;/clavulanate (AMX/CA) 2000/125 mg bid for 5 days vs AMX/CA 875/125 mg bid for 7 days in the treatment of acute exacer-bations of chronic bronchitis. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-1592.
   Google Scholar
• Mandell L, Chang J, Oster G, et al. Comparison of healthcare utilization in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB) receiving telithromycin (TEL) versus clarithromycin (CLA) in a randomized, double-blind, multicen-ter clinical trial. 43rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, IL, September 14-17, 2003. American Society of Microbiology, Washington, DC. Abstract L-1595.
   Google Scholar
• Dvorchik BH, Brazier D, DeBruin MF, Arbeit RD. Daptomycin pharmacokinetics and safety following administra-tion of escalating doses once daily to healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47: 1318–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oleson FB Jr, Berman CL, Kirkpatrick JB, Regan KS, Lai JJ, Tally FP. Once-daily dosing in dogs optimizes dapto-mycin safety. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 2948–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye CM, Allen A, Perry S, et al. The clinical phar-macokinetics of a new pharmacokinetically enhanced formula-tion of amoxicillin/clavulanate. Clin Ther 2001; 23: 578–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar LM, Wunderink RG, Habib MP, et al. High-dose, short-course levofloxacin for community-acquired pneu-monia: a new treatment paradigm. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 752–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennesen PJW, vanderVen A, Kessels AGH, Ramsay G, Bonten MJM. Resolution of infectious parameters after antimicrobial therapy in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2001; 163: 1371–75.
   Google Scholar
• Luna CM, Blanzaco D, Niederman MS, et al. Resolution of ventilator-associated pneumonia: prospective evaluation of the clinical pulmonary infection score as an early clinical predictor of outcome. Crit Care Med 2003; 31: 676–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chastre J, Wolff M, Fagon JY, et al. Comparison of 8 vs 15 days of antibiotic therapy for ventilator-associated pneu-monia in adults: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290: 2588-98.
   Google Scholar