T Serotyping and Genomic Profile of Erythromycin- Resistant or -Sensitive Streptococcus pyogenes Isolated in Campania Region, Italy

References

• Cunningham MW . Pathogenesis of group A streptococ-cal infections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000; 13: 470–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn DL , Zabriskie JB , Austrian R et al. Why have group A streptococci remained susceptible to penicillin? Report on a symposium. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 6: 1341–1345.
   Google Scholar
• Orrling A , Stjernquist-Desatnik A , Schalên C , Kamme C . Treatment failure in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. An attempt to identify penicillin tolerant Streptococcus pyogenes. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 143–147.
   Google Scholar
• Pichichero ME . Streptococcal pharyngitis: is penicillin still the right choice? Compr Ther 1996; 22: 782–787.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Asselt GL , Mouton RP , van Boven CPA . Penicillin tolerance and treatment failure in group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15: 107–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook I , Yocum P , Shah K . 13-lactamase producing Bactero ides species recovered from children: possible clue to failure of penicillin treatment. JAMA 1980; 244: 1696–1699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastanaduy AS , Kaplan EL , Huwe BB , McKay C , Wannamaker LW . Failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococci during an outbreak of pharyngitis. Lancet 1980; 6: 498–502.
   Google Scholar
• Tuner K , Nord CE . The role of 13-lactamase-producing Bacteroides in recurrent tonsillitis. Acta Otolaryngol 1983; 95: 191–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzaglia G , Greco S , Lando C , Cucinotta G , Caputi AP . Adult acute upper respiratory tract infections in Sicily: pattern of antibiotic drug prescription in primary care. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 256–266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita JY , Kahn E , Thompson T et al. Impact of azithromycin on oropharyngeal carriage of group A Streptococcus and nasopharyngeal carriage of macrolide-resis-tant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 9: 41–46.
   Google Scholar
• Molinari G , Talay SR , Valentin-Weigand P , Rohde M , Chhatwal GS . The fibronectin-binding protein of Streptococcus pyogenes, SfbI, is involved in the internaliza-tion of group A streptococci by epithelial cells. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1357–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozeri V , Rosenshine I , Mosher DF , Fassler R , Hanski E . Roles of integrins and fibronectin in the entry of Streptococcus pyogenes into cells via protein Fl. Mol Microbiol 1998; 30: 625–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowbury EJL , Hurst L . The sensitivity of staphylococci and other wound bacteria to erythromycin, oleandomycin and spiramycin. J Clin Pathol 1959; 12: 163–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duval J . Evolution and epidemiology of MLS resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 1985; 16 (suppl. A): 137-149.
   Google Scholar
• Mitsuhaschi S , Inoue M , Saito K , Nakae M . Drug resis-tance in Streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated in Japan. In: Schlessinger D , ed. Microbiology 1982. Washington, DC:ASM Press. 1982: 151-154.
   Google Scholar
• Zampaloni C , Vitali LA , Prenna M , Toscano MA , Tempera G , Ripa S . Erythromycin resistance in Italian isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes and correlation with pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 8: 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita K , Murono K , Yoshikawa M , Murai T . Decline of erythromycin resistance of group A streptococci in Japan. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994; 13: 1075–1078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman M , Huikko S , Pihlajamaki M , Laippala P , Palva E , Huovinen P , Seppala H ; Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (FiRe Network). Effect of macrolide consumption on erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in Finland in 1997-2001. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 3: 1251–1256.
   Google Scholar
• Hsueh PR , Teng II , Lee LN et al. Increased preva-lence of erythromycin resistance in streptococci: substantial upsurge in erythromycin-resistant M phenotype in Streptococcus pyogenes (1979-1998) but not in Streptococcus pneumoniae (1985-1999) in Taiwan. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 8: 27–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borzani M , De Luca M , Varotto F . A survey of suscep-tibility to erythromycin amongst Streptococcus pyogenes iso-lates in Italy. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 40: 457–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornaglia G , Ligozzi M , Mazzariol A , Valentini M , Orefici G , Fontana R . Rapid increase of resistance to ery-thromycin and clindamycin in Streptococcus pyogenes in Italy, 1993-1995. The Italian Surveillance Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 1996; 2: 339–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varaldo PE , Debbia EA , Nicoletti G et al. Nationwide survey in Italy of treatment of Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis in children: influence of macrolide resistance on clinical and microbiological outcomes. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 869–873.
   Google Scholar
• Seppälä H , Skurnik M , Soini H , Roberts M , Huovinen P . A novel erythromycin resistance methylase gene (ermTR) in Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 257–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanetti E , Brenciani A , Vecchi M , Manzin A , Varaldo PE . Prophage association of mef(A) elements encod-ing efflux-mediated erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 445–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovanetti E , Brenciani A , Burioni R , Varaldo PE . A novel efflux system in inducibly erythromycin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pyogenes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 3750–3755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isberg RR , Falcow SA . A single genetic locus encoded by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis permits invasion of cultured animal cells by Escherichia coli K12. Nature (Lond.) 1985; 317: 262–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubens CE , Smith S , Hulse M , Chi EY , van Belle G . Respiratory epithelial cell invasion by group B streptococci. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 5157–5163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: tenth informational supplement. NCCLS Document M100-S10 (M7), 2000. National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa.
   Google Scholar
• Giovanetti E , Montanan MP , Mingoia M , Varaldo PE . Phenotypes and Genotypes of Erythromycin-Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes Strains in Italy and Heterogeneity of Inducibly Resistant Strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43: 1935–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neeman R , Keller N , Barzilai A , Korenman Z , Sela S . Prevalence of internalisation-associated gene, prtFl, among persisting group-A streptococcus strains isolated from asymp-tomatic carriers. Lancet 1998; 352: 1974–1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinaci C , Magi G , Zampaloni C et al. Genetic diversi-ty of cell-invasive erythromycin-resistant and -susceptible group A streptococci determined by analysis of the RD2 region of the prtF1 gene. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 639–644.
   Google Scholar
• Chelossi E , Platê M , De Leo C , Schito GC . Analisi genotipica di Streptococcus pyogenes eritromicina-resistenti isolati recentemente in Italia. Giornale Italiano di Microbiologia Medica Odontoiatrica e Clinica (GIMMOC) 1998; 3: 9–20.
   Google Scholar
• Bruno R , Sturla C , Tosi MT et al. Monitoraggio della sensibilita in vitro di S. pyogenes a macrolidi e lincosamidi basata sull'uso di Internet. GIMMOC 2001; 5: 21–29.
   Google Scholar
• Caparon MG , Stephens DS , Olsen A , Scott JR . Role of M protein in adherence of group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 1811–1817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cristiano L , Bonzi D , Noris C et al. Streptococchi beta-emolitici di gruppo A: rapido incremento di ceppi resistenti all'eritromicina in un'area del Nord Italia. Microbiologia Medica 1996; 11: 30–33.
   Google Scholar
• Cantem R , Mazzariol A , Morosini MI , Baquero F , Cornaglia G . Telithromycin activity is reduced by efflux in Streptococcus pyogenes. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55: 489–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross JI , Eady EA , Cove JH , Cunliffe WJ , Baumberg S , Wotton JC . Inducible erythromycin resistance in staphylococci is encoded by a member of the ATP-binding transport super-gene family. Mol Microbiol 1990; 4: 1207–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musser JM , Kapur V , Szeto J et al. Genetic diversity and relationships among Streptococcus pyogenes strains expressing serotype M1 protein: recent intercontinental spread of a subclone causing episodes of invasive disease. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 994–1003.
   Google Scholar
• Facinelli B , Spinaci C , Magi G , Giovanetti E , Varaldo PE . Association between erythromycin resistance and ability to enter human respiratory cells in group A streptococci. Lancet 2001; 358: 34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenover FC , Arbeit RD , Goering RV et al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 9: 2233–2239.
   Google Scholar
• Cocuzza C , Blandino G , Mattina R , Nicoletti F , Nicoletti G . Antibiotic susceptibility of group A streptococci in 2 Italian cities: Milano and Catania. Microb Drug Resist 1997; 3: 379–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savoia D , Avanzini C , Bosio K et al. Macrolide resis-tance in group A streptococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45: 41–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schito GC , Pesce A , Marchese A . The role of macrolides in Streptococcus pyogenes pharyngitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997; 39: 562–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seppälä H , Klaukka T , Vuopio-Varkila J et al. The effect of changes in the consumption of macrolide antibiotics on erythromycin resistance in group A streptococci in Finland. Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance. New Engl J Med 1997; 337: 441–446.
   Google Scholar
• Galdiero F , Catalanotti P , Ianniello R , Motta G , Antonelli C . Studio della flora batterica faringo-tonsillare, delle principali funzioni granulocitarie e di alcune sottopopolazioni linfocitarie prima e dopo tonsillectomia. In: Motta G , ed. L'adenotonsillectomia. Padova, Italy. Piccin 97108.
   Google Scholar
• Brook I , Shah K . Bacteriology of adenoids and tonsils in children with recurrent adenotonsillitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol; 2001; 110: 844–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook I . Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004; 62: 1545–1550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoban DJ , Bouchillon SK , Johnson JL et al. Comparative in vitro potency of amoxycillin-clavulanic acid and four oral agents against recent North American clinical isolates from a global surveillance study. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 21: 425–433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar