References
- Livermore, DM. Bacterial resistance: origins, epidemiol-ogy, and impact. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36 (suppl 1): S11-23.
- Wood MJ, Moellering RC. Microbial resistance: bacteria and more. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36 (suppl 1): S2-3.
- Craig WA. Pharmacokinetics of antibiotics with special emphasis on cephalosporins. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000; 6 (Suppl. 3): 46-49.
- Craig WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parame-ters: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1–12.
- Howard DH, Scott RD, Packard R, Jones DA. The global impact of drug resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36 (suppl 1): S4-10.
- Drusano GL. Prevention of resistance: a goal for dose selection for antimicrobial agents. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36 (suppl 1): S42-50.
- Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Sala MT. Sub-MIC concentra-tions of cefodizime interfere with various factors affecting bac-terial virulence. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45: 15–25.
- Debbia EA. Filamentation promotes F-Iac loss in Escherichia coli K12. J Gen Microbiol 1992; 138: 2083–2091.
- Debbia EA, Massaro S, Campora U, Schito GC. Inhibition of F'lac transfer by various antibacterial drugs in Escherichia coli. Microbiologica 1994; 17: 65–68.
- Lorian V, Gemmel GC. Effects of low antibiotic con-centrations on bacterial ultrastructure, virulence, and suscepti-bility to immunodefenses. In “Antibiotics in laboratory medi-cine” 4th Edn ( Lorian, V Ed.), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1996: 397-452.
- Marchese A, Debbia EA, Massaro S, Campora U, Schito GC, Brodimoprim: effects of subminimal inhibitory concentrations on virulence traits of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens, and on plasmid transfer and stability. J Chemother 1996; 8: 171–177.
- Molinari G, Guzman CA, Pesce A, Schito GC. Inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence factors by subinhibitory concentrations of azithromycin and other macrolide antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 1993; 31: 681–688.
- Ochi H, Ohtsuka H, Yokota S-I, et al. Inhibitory activi-ty on bacterial motility and in vivo protective activity of human monoclonal antibodies against flagella of Pseudomonas aerug-inosa. Infect Immun 1991; 59: 550–554.
- Saverino D, Debbia EA, Marchese A, Pesce A, Botta GA, Schito GC. Plasmid loss from gram-negative bacteria exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of I3-lactam drugs and azithromycin. Microbiologica 1993; 16: 343–350.
- Shibl AM. Effect of antibiotics on adherence of microorganisms to epithelial cell surfaces. Rev Infect Dis 1985; 7: 51–65.
- Shryock TR, Mortensen JE, Baumholtz M. The effects of macrolides on the expression of bacterial virulence mecha-nisms. J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 505–512.
- Sokol PA, Ohman DE, Iglewsky BH. A more sensitive plate assay for detection of protease production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Clin Microbiol 1979; 9: 538–540.
- Takeoka K, Ichimiya T, Yamasaki T, Nasu M. The in vitro effect of macrolides on the interaction of human poly-morphonuclear leukocytes with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in biofilm. Chemotherapy 1998; 44: 190–197.
- Schito GC, Georgopoulos A, Prieto J. Antibacterial activity of oral antibiotics against community-acquired respira-tory pathogens from three European countries. J Antimicrob Chemother 2002; 50 Suppl:7-11.
- Heisig P. High-level fluoroquinolone resistence in a Salmonella typhimurium isolate due to alteration in both gyrA and gyrB genes. J Antimicrob Chemother1993; 32: 367–377.
- Heisig P Wiedemann B. Use of a broad-host-range gyrA plasmid for genetic characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991; 35: 2031–2036.
- National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bac-teria that grow aerobically; Approved Standard- Sixth Edition: M7-A6 and supplement M100-514, Wayne, PA, 2003.
- Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT. New method for detecting “slime” production by coagulase negative staphylo-cocci. J Clin Pathol 1989; 42: 872–874.
- Reifsteck F, Wee S, Wilkinson BJ. Hydrophobicity-hydrophilicity of staphylococci. J Med Microbiol 1987; 24: 65–73.
- Doetsch RN. Determinative methods in light microscopy. In “Manual of methods for general bacteriology” American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 1981: 21-33.
- WiHefts N. Conjugation. In Methods in Microbiology 21, Edited by P.M. Bennet & J. Grinsted. Academic Press, London. 1988: 49-77.
- Anderson GG, SM Scott, SJ Hultgren. Host subversion by formation of intracellular bacterial communities in the uri-nary tract. Microb Infect 2004; 6: 1094–1101.
- Anderson CC, KW Dodson, TM Hooton, SJ Hultgren. Intracellular bacterial communities of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12: 424–430.
- Helinski DR. Introduction to plasmids: a selective view of their history. In Funnel BE and Phillips G. Eds. Plasmid Biology 2004: 1–21.