27
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Short Report

Emergence of Resistance to Amphotericin B and Triazoles in Candida glabrata Vaginal Isolates in a Case of Recurrent Vaginitis

Pages 488-491 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

References

  • Borst A, Raimer MT, Warnock DW, Morrison CJ, Arthing-ton-Skaggs BA. Rapid acquisition of stable azole resistance by Candida glabrata isolates obtained before the clinical introduc-tion of fluconazole. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49: 783–787.
  • Fidel PL Jr, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD. Candida glabrata: re-view of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to Candida albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12: 80–96.
  • Sanglard D, Odds FC. Resistance of Candida species to antifungal agents: molecular mechanisms and clinical conse-quences. Lancet Infect Dis 2002; 2: 73–85.
  • Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ Epidemiology of invasive candidi-asis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20: 133–63.
  • Sobel JD. Management of infections caused by Candida glabrata. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000; 22: 424–428.
  • Krogh-Madsen, MM, Arendrup C, Heslet L, Knudsen JD. Amphotericin B and caspofungin resistance in Candida glabrata isolates recovered from a critically ill patient. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 938–944.
  • Ahmad S, Khan Z, Mustafa AS, Khan ZU. Semi-nested PCR for diagnosis of candidemia: comparison with culture, anti-gen detection, and biochemical methods for species identifica-tion. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 2483–2489.
  • Ahmad S, Khan Z, Mustafa AS, Khan ZU. Epidemiology of Candida colonization in an intensive care unit of a teaching hos-pital in Kuwait. Med Mycol 2003; 41: 487–493.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Quality control minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) limits for broth microdi-lution and MIC interpretive breakpoints (Appendix C; M27-52), Wayne. PA, USA. 2006.
  • Pfaller MA, Boyken L, Hollis RJ, Messer SA, Tendolkar S, Diekema DJ. In vitro susceptibilities of Candida species to caspofungin: four years of global surveillance. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 760–763.
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Boyken L, Tendolkar S, Hollis RJ, Diekema DJ. Geographic variation in the susceptibilities of inva-sive isolates of Candida glabrata to seven systemically active an-tifungal agents: a global assessment from the ARTEMIS Antifungal Surveillance Program conducted in 2001 and 2002. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3142–3146.
  • Magill SS, Shields C, Sears CL, Choti M, Merz WG. Tria-zole cross-resistance among Candida spp.: case report, occur- rence among bloodstream isolates, and implications for antifun-gal therapy. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 529-535.
  • Panackal AA, Gribskov JL, Staab JF, Kirby KA, Rinaldi M, Marr KA. Clinical significance of azole antifungal drug cross-resistance in Candida glabrata. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1740–1743.
  • Perfect JR, Marr KA, Walsh TJ, et al. Voriconazole treat-ment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1122–1131.
  • Bennett JE, Izumikawa K, Marr KA. Mechanism of in-creased fluconazole resistance in Candida glabrata during pro-phylaxis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 1773–1777.
  • Vermitsky JP, Earhart KD, Smith WL, Homayouni R, Edlind TD, Rogers PD. Pdrl regulates multidrug resistance in Candida glabrata: gene disruption and genome-wide expression studies. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61: 704–722.
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ. Strain delineation and antifungal susceptibilities of epidemiologically related and unre-lated isolates of Candida lusitaniae. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 20: 127–133.
  • Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Bolmstrom A. Evaluation of Etest for determining in vitro susceptibility of yeast isolates to ampho-tericin B. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 32: 223–237.
  • Yang YL, Li SY, Cheng HH, Lo HJ; TSARY Hospitals. Susceptibilities to amphotericin B and fluconazole of Candida species in TSARY 2002. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005; 51: 179–183.
  • Spellberg BJ, Filler SG, Edwards JE Jr. Current treatment strategies for disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42: 244–251.
  • Rex JH, Cooper CR Jr, Merz WG, Galgiani JN, Anaissie EJ. Detection of amphotericin B-resistant Candida isolates in a broth-based system. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 906–909.
  • Wanger A, Mills K, Nelson PW, Rex JH. Comparison of Etest and National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards broth macrodilution method for antifungal susceptibility testing: enhanced ability to detect amphotericin B-resistant Candida iso-lates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2520–2522.
  • Peyron F, Favel A, Michel-Nguyen A, Gilly M, Regli P, Bolmstrom A. Improved detection of amphotericin B-resistant isolates of Candida lusitaniae by Etest. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 339–342.
  • Fidel PL Jr. History and update on host defense against vaginal candidiasis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 57: 2–12.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.