Osteo-Articular Infections in Newborns: Diagnosis and Treatment

References

• Hui-Chin Kao, Yhu-Chering Huang, Cheng-Hsun Chiu et al. Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in chil-dren. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003; 36: 260–265.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson DM. Osteomyelitis in the neonate. Neonatal Netw. 2002; 21: 9–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gutierrez KM. Infectious and inflammatory arthritis. In Long SR, Pickering LK, Prober CG, eds. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 2nd edn., New York, Churchill Livingstone Inc. 2003; 475-81.
   Google Scholar
• Gomis Gavilan M, Barberan Lopez J, Sanchez Artola B. Peculiarities of osteo-articular infections in children. Bailliere's Clinical Rheumatology. 1999; 77–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polak JD, Lott JW, Kenner C. Overview of the fetal neona-tal immune system. In: Lott JW. Ed Neonatal infection: assess-ment diagnosis and management. Santa Rosa Ca: NICU Inc. 1994; 16–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sevki Kabak, Mehmet Halici, M. Arcakus et al. Septic arthritis in patients followed-up in neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Intern. 2002; 44: 652–657.
   Google Scholar
• Steinwender G, Schimpl G, Sixl B, Wenzl HH. Gut-derived bone infection in the neonatal rat. Pediatr Res. 2001; 50: 767–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offiah A.C. Acute osteomyelitis, septic arthritis and disci-tis: Differences between neonates and older children. Eur J Ra-diol. 2006; 60: 221–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unkila-Kallio L, Kallio MJ, Eskola J, Peltola H. Serum C re-active protein, erythrocyte rate and the blood cell count in acute hematogenous osteomyelitis of children. Pediatrics. 1994; 93: 59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham R, Cockayane A, Humphreys H. Clinical and molecular aspects of the pathogenesis of Staphylococcus aureus bone and joint infections. J Med Microbiol. 1996; 44: 157–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tachdjian MO. Pediatric orthopedics. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders. 1990; 1082-120.
   Google Scholar
• Lyon RM, Evanich JD. Culture-negative septic arthritis in children. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999; 19: 655–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards MS, Baker CJ, Wagner ML, et al. An etiologic shift in infantile osteomyelitis: the emergence of the group B streptococcus. J Pediatr. 1978; 93: 578–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshpande SS, Taral N, Modi N, Singrakhia M. Changing epidemiology of neonatal septic arthritis. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2004; 12: 10–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggink BH, Rowen JL. Primary osteomyelitis and suppu-rative arthritis caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci in a preterm neonate. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22: 572–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrissy RT. Bone and joint sepsis. In: Morrissy RT, Weinstein SL. Eds. Lowell and Winter's Pediatric Orthopedics. Philadelphia. PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2001; 459-500.
   Google Scholar
• Cigni A, Cossellu S, Porcu A, Piga S. Meningococcal os- teomyelitis in a premature infant. Ann Ital Med Int. 2004; 19: 280–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yagupsky P. Kingella kingae: from medical rarity to an emerging paediatric pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004; 358–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergdahl S, Ekengren K, Eriksson M. Neonatal hematoge-nous osteomyelitis: risk factors for long- term sequelae. J Pediatr Orthop. 1985; 4: 56–8.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden JA, Lister G. The pathology of neonatal os-teomielytis. Pediatrics. 1975; 55: 474–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnen GM, Henry NK. Pediatric bone and joint infec-tions. Diagnosis and antimicrobial management. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1996; 43 (4): 933–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott RJ, Christofersen MR, Robertson WW Jr, et al. Acute osteomyelitis in children: a review of 116 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 1990; 10: 649–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissberg ED, Smith AL, Smith DH. Clinical features of neonatal osteomyelitis. Pediatrics. 1974; 53: 505–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmar BI. Osteomyelitis in the neonate. Infect Dis Clin N Am. 1992; 6: 117–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ish-Horowiez MR, McIntyre P, Nade S. Bone and joint in-fections caused by multiply resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992; 11: 82–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peltola H, Unkila-Kallio L, Kallio MJT. The Finnish Study Group: simplified treatment of acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis of childhood. Pediatrics. 1997; 99: 846–850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roine I, Arguedas A, Faingezicht I, Rodriguez F. Early de-tection of sequela-prone osteomyelitis in children with use of sim-ple clinical and laboratory criteria. Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24: 849–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson JD. Bugs, drugs, and bones: A pediatric infectious disease specialist reflects on management of musculoskeletal in-fections. J Pediatr Orthop. 1999; 19: 141–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell M, Howard B, Haller J, Sartoris DJ, Resnick D. Septic arthritis. Radiol Clin North Am. 1988; 26: 1295–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnif J, Khannous M, Ayadl K. et al. Echographie des os-teomyelites aigues des os longs chez l'enfant. Valeur diagnostique et pronostique. J Radiologie. 1997; 78: 275–281.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaramillo D, Treves ST, Kasser JR, Harper M, Sundel R, Laor R. Osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children: Appropri-ate use of imaging to guide treatment. Am J Röentgenol. 1995; 165: 399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari NA, Pelchovitz DJ, Meyer JS. Imaging of muscu-loskeletal infections. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001; 39: 653–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merino Arribas J, Carpintero Martin I, Marrero Calvo M, Anse) Olivan S, Elvira Pardilla A, Iglesias Escalera G. Acute os-teomyelitis. Clinical, radiological and bacteriological features and outcome. An Esp Pediatr. 2001; 55: 20–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moore SG, Bisset GS 3r°, Siegel MJ, Donaldson JS. Pedi-atric musculoskeletal MR imaging. Radiology. 1991; 179: 345–60.
   Google Scholar
• Mandell GA. Imaging in the diagnosis of musculoskeletal infections in children. Curr Probl Pediatr. 1996; 26: 218–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swischuk LE. Imaging of the newborn, infant, and young child. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 1997; 741-6.
   Google Scholar
• Shmerling RH. Synovial fluid analysis: a critical reap-praisal. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1994; 20: 503–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagan R. Management of acute haematogenous os-teomyelitis and septic arthritis in the pediatric patient. Ped Inf Dis J. 1993; 12: 88–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shetty AK, Gedalia A. Management of septic arthritis. In-dian J Pediatr. 2004; 71: 819–824.
   Google Scholar
• Korakaki E, Aligizakis A, Manoura A, Hatzidaki E. Methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in neonates: diagnosis and management. J Infect Dis. 2007; 60: 129–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlinez-Aguilar G, Hammerman WA, Mason EO Jr, Ka-plan SL. Clindamycin treatment of invasive infections caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-suscep- tible Staphylococcus aureus in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003; 22: 593–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanos V, Cataldi L. Antibacterial-induced nephrotoxicity in the newborn. Drug. Saf. 1999; 20 (3): 245–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanos V, Dall'Agnola A. Antibiotics in neonatal infections: a review. Drugs 1999; 58 (3): 405–27.
   Google Scholar
• Bonhoeffer F, Heaberle B, Schaad UB, Heininger U. Di-agnosis of acute haematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthri-tis: 20 years experience at the University Children's Hospital Basel. Swiss Med Wkly. 2001; 131: 575–581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syrogiannopopulos GA, Nelson JD. Duration of antimi-crobial therapy for acute suppurative osteoarticular infections. Lancet. 1988; 1: 37–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinod MB, Matussek J, Curtis N, Graham HK et al. Du-ration of antibiotics in children with osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002; 38: 363–367.
   Google Scholar
• Ruebner R, Keren R, Coffin S, Chu J et al. Complications of central venous catheters used for the treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Pediatrics. 2006; 117: 1210–1215.
   Google Scholar
• Lew DP, Waldvogel FA. Osteomyelitis. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336: 999–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielsson LG, Duppe H. Acute hematogenous os-teomyelitis of the neck of the femur in children treated with drilling. Acta Orthop Scand. 2002; 73: 311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prober CG. Current antibiotic therapy of community-ac-quired bacterial infections in hospitalized children: bone and joint infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1992; 11: 156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwentker EP. Septic arthritis. In: Hoekelman RA, ed. Primary Pediatric Care. 4th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby-Year Book. 2001; 1806–8.
   Google Scholar
• Wang CL, Wang SM, Yang YJ, Tsai CH et al. Septic arthritis in children: relationship of causative pathogens, complications and outcome. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2003; 36: 41–46.
   Google Scholar