Thertrimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Forgotten Alternative?

REFERENCES

• Gould IM. Costs of hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and its control. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006; 28: 379–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13: 1840–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum NF, Lee RU, Thornton SA, et al. Fifteen-year study of the changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus. Am J Med. 2006; 119: 943–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal AM, Gould IM. Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococ-cus aureus and its relevance in therapy. Expert Opin Pharma-cother. 2005; 6: 2257–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigelman PM, Rantz LA. The clinical importance of co-agulase-positive, penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. N Engl J Med. 1950; 242: 353–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen KR, Erichsen I. Clinical occurrence of methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Ugeskr Laeger. 1963; 125: 1234–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowy FD. Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphy-lococcus aureus. J Clin Invest. 2003; 111: 1265–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelbaum PC. Reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in me-thicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Int J Antimi-crob Agents. 2007; 30: 398–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kollef MH. Limitations of vancomycin in the management of resistant staphylococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2007; 45: 5191–5.
   Google Scholar
• Strahilevitz J, Rubinstein E. Novel agents for resistant Gram-positive infections-a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2002;6 Suppl 1: 38–46.
   Google Scholar
• Fox S. First report of linezolid-resistant S aureus. Infect Med. 2001; 18: 406.
   Google Scholar
• Maclayton DO, Hall RG 2nd. Pharmacologic treatment options for nosocomial pneumonia involving methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 235–44.
   Google Scholar
• Garzoni C, Francois P, Huyghe A, et al. A global view of Staphylococcus aureus whole genome expression upon inter-nalization in human epithelial cells. BMC Genomics. 2007; 8: 171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaoka T. The bactericidal effects of anti-MRSA agents with rifampicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against in-tracellular phagocytized MRSA. J Infect Chemother. 2007; 13: 141–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Styers D, Sheehan DJ, Hogan P, Sahm DF. Laboratory-based surveillance of current antimicrobial resistance patterns and trends among Staphylococcus aureus: 2005 status in the Uni-ted States. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2006; 5: 2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones ME, Karlowsky JA, Draghi DC, Thornsberry C, Sahm DF, Nathwani D. Epidemiology and antibiotic susceptibil-ity of bacteria causing skin and soft tissue infections in the USA and Europe: a guide to appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003; 22: 406–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasty MB, Klasner A, Kness S, et al. Cutaneous community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among all skin and softtissue infections in two geographically di-stant pediatric emergency departments. Acad Emerg Med. 2007; 14: 35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moazzez A, Kelso RL, Towfigh S, Sohn H, Berne TV, Mason RJ. Breast abscess bacteriologic features in the era of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus epidemics. Arch Surg. 2007; 142: 881–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, et al. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections among patients in the emergency department. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 666–74.
   Google Scholar
• Frazee BW, Lynn J, Charlebois ED, Lambert L, Lowery D, Perdreau-Remington F. High prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in emergency department skin and soft tissue infections. Ann Emerg Med. 2005; 45: 311–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LG, Perdreau-Remington F, Rieg G, et al. Necro-tizing fasciitis caused by community-associated methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352: 1445–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourbatova EV, Halvosa JS, King MD, Ray SM, White N, Blumberg HM. Emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA 300 clone as a cause of health care-associated infections among patients with prosthetic joint infections. Am J Infect Control. 2005; 33: 385–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PN, Rapp RP, Nelson CT, Butler JS, Overman S, Kuhn RJ. Characterization of community-acquired Staphylo-coccus aureus infections in children. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 1361–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold FW, Wojda B. An analysis of a community-ac-quired pathogen in a Kentucky community: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Ky Med Assoc. 2005; 103: 206–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen AE, Goldstein M, Carroll K, Song X, Perl TM, Siberry GK. Evolving epidemiology of pediatric Staphylococcus aureus cutaneous infections in a Baltimore hospital. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006; 22: 717–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaPlante KL, Rybak MJ, Amjad M, Kaatz GW. Antimi-crobial susceptibility and staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec type in community- and hospital-associated methicillin-re-sistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmacotherapy. 2007; 27: 3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beilman GJ, Sandifer G, Skarda D, et al. Emerging infections with community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus in outpatients at an Army Community Hospital. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2005; 6: 87–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gordon RJ, Quagliarello B, Cespedes C, et al. A molecular epidemiological analysis of 2 Staphylococcus aureus clonal types colonizing and infecting patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis. 2005; 40: 1028–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guss J, Kazahaya K. Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in community-acquired pediatric neck abscesses. Int J Pe-diatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007; 71: 943–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaoutis TE, Toltzis P, Chu J, et al. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among children with risk factors for health care-associated infection: 2001-2003. Pediatr In-fect Dis J. 2006; 25: 343–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilic A, Li H, Stratton CW, Tang YW. Antimicrobial sus-ceptibility patterns and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec types of, as well as Panton-Valentine leukocidin occurrence among, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from children and adults in middle Tennessee. J Clin Microbiol. 2006; 44: 4436–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee TC, Carrick MM, Scott BG, Hodges JC, Pham HQ. Incidence and clinical characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus necrotizing fasciitis in a large urban ho-spital. Am J Surg. 2007; 194: 809–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen PR. Cutaneous community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in participants of athle-tic activities. South Med J. 2005; 98: 596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laibl VR, Sheffield JS, Roberts S, McIntire DD, Trevino S, Wendel GD Jr. Clinical presentation of community-acquired me-thicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2005; 106: 461–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum SE, Morris JT, Dooley DP, Watson R. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an adult military beneficiary population lacking risk factors: susceptibility to orally available agents. Mil Med. 2003; 168: 126–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagan SP, Berger DH, Rahwan K, Awad SS. Spider bites presenting with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus soft tissue infection require early aggressive treatment. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2003; 4: 311–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fergie JE, Purcell K. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in south Texas children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2001; 20: 860–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook I, Foote PA. Isolation of methicillin resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus from the surface and core of tonsils in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2006; 70: 2099–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun L, Craft D, Williams R, Tuamokumo F, Ottolini M. Increasing clindamycin resistance among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 57 northeast United States military treatment facilities. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005; 24: 622–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Rawahi GN, Schreader AG, Porter SD, Roscoe DL, Gustafson R, Bryce EA. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au-reus nasal carriage among injection drug users: six years later. J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 46: 477–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PD, Ngeno C. Antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from hospital and community sources in southern Jamaica. Int J Infect Dis. 2007; 11: 220–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echaniz-Aviles G, Velazquez-Meza ME, Aires-de-Sousa M, et al. Molecular characterisation of a dominant methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clone in a Mexican hospital (1999-2003). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2006; 12: 22–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantar C, Famiglietti A, Radice M, Quinteros M, Antimi-crobial Committee, Sir Participants Group. A 7-year national sur-vey on bacterial resistance in bronchoalveolar lavage from patients hospitalized in Argentina. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2008; 60: 65–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardella N, Picasso R, Predari SC, et al. Methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus strains in Buenos Aires teaching ho-spitals: replacement of the multidrug resistant South American clone by another susceptible to rifampin, minocycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2005; 37: 156–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abreu DA, Osorio F, Guido LG, Carvalhal GF, Mouro L. Retroperitoneal infections by community acquired methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Urol. 2008; 179: 172–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manfredi R, Nanetti A, Valentini R, Calza L, Chiodo F. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a three-year epide-miological and microbiological survey of high-risk patients. Infez Med. 2002; 10: 73–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roveta S, Tonoli E, Marchese A, Schito GC. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistance among staphylococci strains isolated in risk units and effects of the vancomycin on the expression of me-thicillin-resistance. Infez Med. 2001; 9: 82–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Renders NH, Janssen MH, Leenders AC. Clindamycin is unsuitable for the empirical treatment of infections due to pig-related methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2007; 151: 2277–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miko ajczyk D, Kaczmarek A, Budzytiska A, Gospodarek E. Co-trimoxazole resistance in methicillin-resistant staphylococci isolated from clinical material in 2001-2003. Med Dosw Mikro-biol. 2005; 57: 235–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amorim ML, Aires de Sousa M, Sanches IS, et al. Clonal and antibiotic resistance profiles of methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus (MRSA) from a Portuguese hospital over time. Microb Drug Resist. 2002; 8: 301–9.
   Google Scholar
• Cuevas O, Cercenado E, Souza E, et al. Molecular epi-demiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Spain: a multicentre prevalence study (2002). Clin Microbiol In-fect. 2007; 13: 250–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez L, Alarcon T, Jimenez S, de la Cuevas MC, Lopez-Brea S. In vitro activity of linezolid against clinical isolates of me-thicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Rev Esp Quimioter. 2001; 14: 47–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ender M, Berger-Bachi B, McCallum N. Variability in SC-CmecN1 spreading among injection drug users in Zurich, Switzerland. BMC Microbiol. 2007; 7: 62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma Y, Chen H, Yao L, et al. The change in sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 2002; 41: 31–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajaduraipandi K, Mani KR, Panneerselvam K, Mani M, Bhaskar M, Manikandan P. Prevalence and antimicrobial sus-ceptibility pattern of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a multicentre study. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2006; 24: 34–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anupurba S, Sen MR, Nath G, Sharma BM, Gulati AK, Mohapatra TM. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus in a tertian) referral hospital in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2003; 21: 49–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanumanthappa AR, Chandrappa NR, Rajasekharappa MG. Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Karnataka. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2003; 46: 129–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samra Z, Ofer O, Shmuely H. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to vancomycin, teicoplanin, li-nezolid, pristinamycin and other antibiotics. Isr Med Assoc J. 2005; 7: 148–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adwan K, Abu-Hasan N, Adwan G, Jarrar N, Abu-Shanab B, Abu-Zant A. Nosocomial infection caused by methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus in Palestine. Microb Drug Resist. 2005; 11: 75–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Tawfiq JA. Incidence and epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a Saudi Arabian Hospital, 1999-2003. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27: 1137–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour MM, Abuelkheir MM, Fatani AJ. Trends in an-tibiotic susceptibility patterns and epidemiology of MRSA isolates from several hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann Clin Micro-biol Antimicrob. 2006; 5: 30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeong HY, Lee JE, Choi BK, et al. Molecular epidemiol-ogy of community-associated antimicrobial-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus in Seoul, Korea (2003): pervasiveness of multidrug-resistant SCCmec type II methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Microb Drug Resist. 2007; 13: 178–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha HY, Moon DC, Choi CH, et al. Prevalence of the ST239 clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and differences in antimicrobial susceptibilities of ST239 and 5T5 clones identified in a Korean hospital. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43: 3610–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HB, Jang HC, Nam HJ, et al. In vitro activities of 28 antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from tertiary-care hospitals in Korea: a nationwide survey. Anti-microb Agents Chemother. 2004; 48: 1124–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi CY, Ho MW, Ho CM, Lin PC, Wang JH, Fung CP. Molecular epidemiology of community-acquired methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in a teaching hospital. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 200740: 310-6.
   Google Scholar
• Lee YT, Lin JC, Wang NC, Peng MY, Chang FY. Necro-tizing fasciitis in a medical center in northern Taiwan: emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the community. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007; 40: 335–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin YC, Lauderdale TL, Lin HM, et al. An outbreak of me-thicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in patients of a pediatric intensive care unit and high carriage rate among he-alth care workers. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2007; 40: 325–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chi CY, Wang SM, Lin HC, Liu CC. A clinical and mi-crobiological comparison of Staphylococcus aureus toxic shock and scalded skin syndromes in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: 181–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai PW, Huang CH, Lin QD, Huang YY. Molecular pattern and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates at a teaching hospital in Nor-thern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2006; 39: 225–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen CJ, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Su LH, Lin TY. Clinical features and genotyping analysis of community-acquired methi-cillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Taiwanese children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005; 24: 40–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi CY, Wong WW, Fung CP, Yu KW, Liu CY. Epidemi-ology of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004; 37: 16–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fang YH, Hsueh PR, Hu JJ, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children in nor-thern Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2004; 37: 29–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ertek M, Yazgi H, Aktas E, Ayyildiz A, Parlak M. Sensi-tivity of methicillin resistant staphylococci to linezolid and some other antimicrobial agents. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2003; 37: 235–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tansel O, Kuloglu F, Mutlu B, et al. A methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreak in a new University hospital due to a strain transferred with an infected patient from another city six months previously. New Microbiol. 2003; 26: 175–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Memikoglu KO, Bayar B, Kurt O, Cokca F. In vitro sensi-tivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to fusidic acid and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2002; 36: 141–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akoua Koffi C, Dje K, Toure R, et al. Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care personnel in Abidjan (Cote d'lvoire). Dakar Med. 2004; 49: 70–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Randrianirina F, Soares JL, Ratsima E, et al. In vitro ac-tivities of 18 antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the Institut Pasteur of Madagascar. Ann Clin Mi-crobiol Antimicrob. 2007; 6: 5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messadi AA, Thabet L, Bouselmi K, Ben Redjeb S. A study of sensitivity to antibiotics for Staphylococcus aureus strains Isolated in a department of resuscitation of badly burnt patients. Tunis Med. 2006; 84: 74–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens CL, Ralph A, McLeod JE, McDonald MI. community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Central Australia. Commun Dis Intell. 2006; 30: 462–6.
   Google Scholar
• Buehlmann M, Frei R, Fenner L, Dangel M, Fluckiger U, Widmer AF. Highly effective regimen for decolonization of me-thicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008; 29: 510–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiuchi A, Nakayama Y, Kajiyama M, Fujii H, Tanaka N. Nasopharyngeal decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus can reduce PEG peristomal wound in-fection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006; 101: 274–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung SK, Louie M, Simor AE. Combined topical and oral antimicrobial therapy for the eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in hospitalized Patients. Can J Infect Dis. 2002; 13: 287–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parras F, Guerrero MC, Souza E, et al. Comparative study of mupirocin and oral co-trimoxazole plus topical fusidic acid in eradication of nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995; 39: 175–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valls V, Gómez-Herruz P, González-Palacios R, Cuadros JA, Romanyk JP, Ena J. Long-term efficacy of a program to con-trol methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Mi-crobiol Infect Dis. 1994; 13: 90–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Standiford HC, Reboli AC, et al. Randomized double-blinded trial of rifampin with either novobiocin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization: prevention of antimicro-bial resistance and effect of host factors on outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993; 37: 1334–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stover BH, Duff A, Adams G, Buck G, Hancock G, Ra-balais G. Emergence and control of methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus in a children's hospital and pediatric long-term care facility. Am J Infect Control. 1992; 20: 248–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strausbaugh II, Jacobson C, Sewell DL, Potter S, Ward TT. Antimicrobial therapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus colonization in residents and staff of a Veterans Affairs nursing home care unit. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1992; 13: 151–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson LR, Quick JN, Jensen B, et al. Emergence of ciprofloxacin resistance in nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Resistance during ciprofloxacin plus rifampin therapy for methicillin-resistant S aureus coloniza-tion. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150: 2151–5.
   Google Scholar
• Roccaforte JS, Bittner MJ, Stumpf CA, Preheim LC. Attempts to eradicate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization with the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ri-fampin, and bacitracin. Am J Infect Control. 1988; 16: 141–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preheim LC, Rimland D, Bittner MJ. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Veterans Administration Medical Cen-ters. Infect Control. 1987; 8: 191–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bacon AE, Jorgensen KA, Wilson KH, Kauffman CA. Emergence of nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and therapy of colonized personnel during a hospital-wide outbreak. Infect Control. 1987; 8: 145–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loeb M, Main C, Walker-Dilks C, Eady A. Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus co-lonization. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003:CD003340.
   Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Bliziotis IA, Fragoulis KN. Oral rifampin for eradication of Staphylococcus aureus carriage from healthy and sick populations: A systematic review of the evidence from com-parative trials. Am J Infect Control. 2007; 35: 106–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crum-Cianflone NF, Burgi AA, Hale BR. Increasing rates of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus au-reus infections among HIV-infected persons. Int J STD AIDS. 2007; 18: 521–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews WC, Caperna JC, Barber RE, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for clinically significant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in a cohort of HIV-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005; 40: 155–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimura A, Mochizuki T, Nishizawa K, Mashiko K, Ya-mamoto Y, Otsuka T. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for the prevention of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus pneu-monia in severely burned patients. J Trauma. 1998; 45: 383–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cenizal MJ, Skiest D, Luber S, et al. Prospective random-ized trial of empiric therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or doxycycline for outpatient skin and soft tissue infections in an area of high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007; 51: 2628–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szumowski JD, Cohen DE, Kanaya F, Mayer KH. Treat-ment and outcomes of infections by methicillin-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus at an ambulatory clinic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007; 51: 423–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A, Konishi I, Kumata M. Treatment of respi-ratory and urinary tract infections in elderly inmates at a nursing home by selective antimicrobial agents based on the sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 2007; 44: 359–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes EV 2nd, Dooley DP, Hepburn MJ, Baum SE. Out-comes of community-acquired, methicillin-resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus, soft tissue infections treated with antibiotics other than vancomycin. Mil Med. 2006; 171: 504–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rutar T, Chambers HF, Crawford JB, et al. Ophthalmic manifestations of infections caused by the USA300 clone of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113: 1455–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solares CA, Batra PS, Hall GS, Citardi MJ. Treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis exacerbations due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with mupirocin irrigations. Am J Otola-ryngol. 2006; 27: 161–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unzeitigova M, Benes J, Gabrielova A, Horova B, Podz-imkova M. Practical experience with patients infected or colo-nized with a methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Klin Mikrobiol Infekc Lek. 2006; 12: 19–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Al-Shawwa BA, Wegner D. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxa-zole plus topical antibiotics as therapy for acute otitis media with otorrhea caused by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005; 131: 782–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• lyer S, Jones DH. Community-acquired methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection: a retrospective analy-sis of clinical presentation and treatment of a local outbreak. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004; 50: 854–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz N, Quinn EL, Saravolatz LD. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole compared with vancomycin for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Ann Intern Med. 1992; 117: 390–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaka AS, Rueda AM, Shelburne SA 3rd, Hulten K, Hamill RJ, Musher DM. Bactericidal activity of orally available agents against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J An-timicrob Chemother. 2006; 58: 680–3.
   Google Scholar
• Munckhof WJ, Kleinschmidt SL, Turnidge JD. Resistance development in community-acquired strains of methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro study. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004; 24: 605–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hijioka S, Nakata R, Yoshinami Y, Sugita K, Nishimura T. Survey of susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus to antimicrobial agents in Hokusetsu General hospital. Jpn J Antibiot. 2002; 55: 764–70.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaoka T. The bactericidal effects of anti-MRSA agents with rifampicin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim against in-tracellular phagocytized MRSA. J Infect Chemother. 2007; 13: 141–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yeldandi V, Strodtman R, Lentino JR. In-vitro and in-vivo studies of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole against multiple resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1988; 22: 873–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aldridge KE, Gelfand MS, Schiro DD, Barg NL. The rapid emergence of fluoroquinolone-methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus infections in a community hospital. An in vitro look at alternative antimicrobial agents. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992; 15: 601–8.
   Google Scholar
• LaPlante KL, Leonard SN, Andes DR, Craig WA, Rybak MJ. Activities of clindamycin, daptomycin, doxycycline, linezolid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and vancomycin against community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with inducible clindamycin resistance in murine thigh infection and in vitro pharmacodynamic models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008; 52: 2156–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji BT, Rybak MJ, Cheung CM, Amjad M, Kaaatz GW. Community- and health care-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of molecular epidemio-logy and antimicrobial activities of various agents. Diagn Micro-biol Infect Dis. 2007; 58: 41–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Gorgolas M, Aviles P, Verdejo C, Fernandez Guerrero ML. Treatment of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995; 39: 953–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasanna M, Thomas C. A profile of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in the burn center of the Sul-tanate of Oman. Burns. 1998; 24: 631–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongwanich S, Tishyadhigama P, Paisomboon S, Ohta T, Hayashi H. Epidemiological analysis of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2000; 31: 72–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qadri SM, Halim M, Ueno Y, Saldin H. Susceptibility of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to minocycline and other antimicrobials. Chemotherapy. 1994; 40: 26–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norazah A, Liew SM, Kamel AG, Koh YT, Lim VK. DNA fingerprinting of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE): comparison of strains from 2 Malaysian hospitals. Singapore Med J. 2001; 42: 15–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okesola AO, Oni AA, Bakare RA. Nosocomial infections: methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in wound infection in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1999; 28: 55–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bishara J, Pitlik S, Samra Z, Levy I, Paul M, Leibovici L. Co-trimoxazole-sensitive, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Israel, 1988-1997. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9: 1168–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin—United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51: 565–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Phillips S, MacDougall C, Holdford DA. Analysis of empiric antimicrobial strategies for cellulitis in the era of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Ann Pharmacother. 2007; 41: 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proctor RA. Role of folate antagonists in the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; 46: 584–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard SN, Kaatz GW, Rucker LR, Rybak MJ. Synergy between gemifloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole against community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus. J Antimicrob Chemother. In press, PMID: 18801920.
   Google Scholar
• Baethke R, Golde G, Gahl G. Sulphamethoxazole/ trimethoprim: Pharmacokinetic studies in patients with chronic renal failure. Eur J Pharmacol. 1972; 4: 233–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotton MF, Wasserman E, Smit J, Whitelaw A, Zar HJ. High incidence of antimicrobial resistant organisms including ex-tended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in nasopharyn-geal and blood isolates of HIV-infected children from Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Infect Dis. 2008; 8: 40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar