Antitumorigenic Effects of Tamoxifen, Raloxifene and the Combination on the Development of Breast Tumors Induced by Mouse Mammary Carcinoma Cells in Balb/c-J Female Mice

REFERENCES

• Cancer Trends Progress Report - 2007 Update. National Cancer Institute. NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD. 2007. http://progressreport.cancer.gov..
   Google Scholar
• WHO: World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Cancer Report. 2003. Retrieved on 2008-02-03.
   Google Scholar
• Souhami RL. Editor. Oxford Textbook of Oncology. Ox-ford University Press. 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Sneader W. Drug discovery: a history. New York: Wiley. 2005. ISBN 0-471-89979-8.
   Google Scholar
• FDA Oncology Tools Approval Summary for Tamoxifen. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 1977. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/onctools/summary.cfm?id=61
   Google Scholar
• FDA: Tamoxifen Information. U.S. Food and Drug Ad-ministration: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 2001. http://www.fda.gov/cder/news/tamoxifen/
   Google Scholar
• Jordan VC. Designer estrogens. Sci Am 1998; 297: 60–67.
   Google Scholar
• Mac Gregor JI, Jordan VC. Basic guide to the mechanisms of anti-estrogen action. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50 (2): 151–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller CP. SERMs: evolutionary chemistry, revolutionary biology. Curr Pharm Des 2002; 8: 2089–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desta Z, Ward BA, Soukhova NV, Flockhart DA. Com-prehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 310 (3): 1062–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst T, Chang L, Cooray D, Jovich J, Walot I, Boone K, et al. The effects of tamoxifen and estrogen on brain metabolism in elderly women. J Nat Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 592–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickerham, L. Tamoxifen - An update on current data and where it can now be used. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2002; 75: 7–16.
   Google Scholar
• HHS NEWS. Tamoxifen Approved for Reducing Breast Cancer Incidence. U.S. Food and Drug Administration: Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. 1998. http://www.fda.gov/ bbs/topics/news/new00662.html
   Google Scholar
• Thurlimann B, Hess D, Koberle D, Senn I, Ballabeni P, Pagani O, et al. Anastrozole (‘Arimidex) versus tamoxifen as first-line therapy in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: results of the double-blind cross-over SAKK trial 21/95--a sub-study of the TARGET (Tamoxifen or 'Arimidex’ Random-ized Group Efficacy and Tolerability) trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2004; 85: 247–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taran A, Eggemann H, Costa SD, Smith B, Bischoff J. Ovarian cyst torsion and extreme ovarian stimulation in a premenopausal patient treated with tamoxifen for ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Am J Obs Gyn 2006; 195: 5–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hillner BE. Barriers to clinical trial enrollment: are state mandates the solution? J Nat Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1048-1049.
   Google Scholar
• Martino S, Cauley JA, Barrett-Connor E, Powles TJ, Mer-shon J, Disch D, et al. Continuing outcomes relevant to Evista: breast cancer incidence in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in a randomized trial of raloxifene. J Nat Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1751–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anazi EA, Ariazi JL, Cordero F, Jordan VC. Estrogen receptors as therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2006; 6: 188–202.
   Google Scholar
• Deal C, Draper M. Raloxifene: a selective estrogen-recep-tor modulator for postmenopausal osteoporosis - a clinical up-date on efficacy and safety. Women's Health. 2006. 2 (12): 199–210
   Google Scholar
• Habel LA, Pressman A, Ettinger B, Sidney S, Suh-Burgmann B, Fehrenbacher L, et al. Use of raloxifene among women with a history of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 96 (2): 123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STAR: Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene for the Prevention of Breast Cancer, NSABP P-2. National Surgical Adju-vant Breast and Bowel Project. Wolmark N., Chairman. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• FDA News: U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Uses for Evista. Press release. 2007. http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/news/2007/new01698.html
   Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulos JM, Romano AE, Majumdar SK. Response of mouse breast cancer cells to anastrozole, tamoxifen, and the combination. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005; 1: 10–19.
   Google Scholar
• DeGregorio MW, Wilbur BJ, Coronado E, Osborne CK. Serum tamoxifen concentrations in the athymic nude mouse after three methods of administration. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; 20: 316–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stygar D, Muravitskaya N, Eriksson B, Eriksson H, Sahlin L. Effects of SERM (selective estrogent receptor modulator) treat-ment on growth and proliferation in the rat uterus. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2003; I: 40, (open access article, 8 pages).
   Google Scholar
• Fudge MA, Kavaliers M, Baird JP, Ossenkopp KP. Ta-moxifen and raloxifene produce conditioned taste avoidance in female rats: A micromuscular analysis of licking pattern. Life Sci-ence. 2008 Dec.24. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Newbold RR, Jefferson WN, Padilla-Burgos E, Bullock BC. Uterine carcinoma in mice treated neonatally with tamox-ifen. Carcinogenesis. 1997; 18 (12): 2293–2298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel AJ, Favara MT, Majumdar SK. Antiproliferative effects and apoptosis induction in mouse mammary carcinoma cells exposed to anti-breast cancer drugs. Int J Pharmacol Biol Sci 2008. 2 (3): 37–50.
   Google Scholar
• Favara MT, Goel AJ, Majumdar SK. Micronuclei induc-tion and hematological changes in normal and breast cancer-afflicted mice treated with anti-breast cancer drugs. Nucleus. 2008; 51 (3): 209–221.
   Google Scholar
• Greaves P, Goonetilleke R, Nunn G, Topham J, Orton T. Two-year carcinogenicity study of tamoxifen in Alderley Park Wistar-derived rats. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 3919–3924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotoh T, Kumar D, Masunaga R, Tabara H, Tachibana M, Kubota H, et al. Antiangiogenic therapy of human esophagal cancers with thalidomide in nude mice. Surgery. 1999; 125: 536–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gad S, Weil CS. Statistics and Experimental Design for Toxicologists. The Telford Press. Caldwell, NJ, 1988: 41-69.
   Google Scholar
• Cancer Advances in focus: Breast Cancer. National Can-cer Institute. NIH. 2008. http://www.cancer.gov/tem-plates/doc.aspx?viewid=f1105321-bc20-4af6-9103-ec2b99 fd53a2.
   Google Scholar
• Goss PE, Strasser K. Tamoxifen resistant and refractory breast cancer: the value of aromatase inhibitors. Drugs Annual 2002; 62: 957–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudley MW, Sheeler CQ, Wong H, Khan S. Activation of the human estrogen receptor by the antiestrogen ICI 182,780 and tamoxifen in yeast genetic systems: Implications for their mechanism of action. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 3696-3701.
   Google Scholar
• Rat and Mouse Gazette. Mouse Sexing/Life Span. Rat and Mouse Club of America. 1999. http://www.rmca.org/arti-cles/qna3_99.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control. National Center for Health Statistics. 2008. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/
   Google Scholar
• Okamoto Y., Liu X., Suzuki N. Okamoto K., Sekimoto M., Laxmi YR., Shibutani S. Increased antitumor potential of the raloxifene prodrug, raloxifene diphosphate. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 2142–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller K, Wang M, Gralow J, Dickler M, Cobleigh M, Perez E, et al. Paclitaxel plus bevacizumab versus paclitaxel alone for metastatic breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2666–2676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonessa F, Jacobson M, Boyle B, Lippman J, McGarvey M, Clarke R. Effect of tamoxifen on the multidrug-resistant phe-notype in human breast cancer cells: Isobologram, drug accu-mulation, and Mr 170,000 Glycoprotein (gp170) Binding Studies. Cancer Res 1994; 54: 441–447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson A, Jordan C. The key to the antiestrogenic mechanism of raloxifene is amino acid 351 (aspartate) in the es-trogen receptor. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 1872–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulaski BA, Terman DS, Khan SK, Muller E, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Cooperativity of Staphylococcal aureus Entero-toxin B Superantigen, Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II, and CD80 for Immunotherapy of Advanced Spontaneous Metas-tases in a Clinically Relevant Postoperative Mouse Breast Cancer Model. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 2710-2715.
   Google Scholar
• CancerBackup. Ascites: Causes of Ascites. 2007. http://www. cancerbackup. org.uk/resourcessupport/symp-tomssideeffects/othersymptomssideeffects/ascites.
   Google Scholar
• Hasumi Y, Mizukami H, Urabe M, Kohno T, Takeuchi K, Kume A, et al. Soluble FLT-1 expression suppresses carcinoma-tous ascites in nude mice bearing ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 2019-2023.
   Google Scholar