The Charta of Milan: Basic Criteria for the Appropriate and Accurate Use of Antibiotics: Recommendations of the Italian Society of Chemotherapy

REFERENCES

• Wenzel RP, Edmond MB. Managing antibiotic resistance. N Engl J Med. 2000; 343: 1961–1963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austin DJ, Kristinsson KG, Anderson RM. The relation-ship between the volume of antimicrobial consumption in human communities and the frequency of resistance. Proc Nati Acad Sci U S A. 1999; 96: 1152a-1156.
   Google Scholar
• Low DE, Pichichero ME, Schaad UB. Optimizing antibac-terial therapy for community-acquired respiratory tract infections in children in an era of bacterial resistance. Clin Pediatr. 2004; 43: 135–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales R, Malone DC, Maselli JH, Sande MA. Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2001; 33: 757–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCaig LF, Sesser RE, Hughes JM. Antimicrobial drug prescription in ambulatory care settings, United States, 1992-2000. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003; 9: 432–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball P, Baquero F, Cars O, et al. Antibiotic therapy of community respiratory tract infections: strategies for optimal out-comes and minimized resistance emergence. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002; 49: 31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Sesser RE, et al. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: background, specific aims, and methods. Ann Intern Med. 2001; 134: 479–486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat (Cochrane Review). Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library. Issue 1. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Smuckny J, Fahey T, Becker L, et al. Antibiotics for acute bronchitis (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford: Update Software, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Arroll B, Kenealy T. Antibiotics for the common cold and acute purulent rhinitis (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Collab-oration. The Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford: Update Soft-ware, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Fahey T, Stocks N, Thomas T. Quantitative systematic review of randomised controlled trials comparing antibiotic with placebo for acute cough in adults. BMJ 1998; 316: 906–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasziou PP, Del Mar CB, Sanders SL, Haymen M. An-tibiotics for acute otitis media in children (Cochrane Review). In: Cochrane Collaboration. The Cochrane Library. Issue 3. Oxford:Update Software, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• McCaig LF, Sesser RE, Hughes JM. Trends in antimicro-bial prescribing rates for children and adolescents. JAMA 2002; 287: 3096–3102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapkota AR, Lefferts LY, Mckenzie S, Walker P. What do we feed to food-production animals? A review of animal feed in-gredients and their potential impacts on human health. Environ Health Perspect. 2007; 115 (5): 663–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarmah AK, Meyer MT, Boxall AB. A global perspective on the use, sales, exposure pathways, occurrence, fate and effects of veterinary antibiotics (vas) in the environment. Chemos-phere. 2006; 65 (5): 725–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viola C, Devincent SJ. Overview of issues pertaining to the manufacture, distribution, and use of antimicrobials in ani-mals and other information relevant to animal antimicrobial use data collection in the United States. Prey Vet Med. 2006; 73 (2-3): 111–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauchner H, Pelton SI, Klein JO. Parents, physicians, and antibiotic use. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 395–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deas A, Crane LA, Baron AE, Gershman K, Maselli J, Gonzales R. Do physician attitudes about antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use correlate with actual antibiotic prescribing behavior?' J Gen Intern Med 2002; 17 (Suppl): 194.
   Google Scholar
• Hamm RM, Hicks RJ, Bemben DA. Antibiotics and res-piratory infections: are patients more satisfied when expectations are met? J Fam Pract 1996; 43: 56–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangione-Smith R, McGlynn EA, Elliott MN, Krogstad P, Brook RH. The relationship between perceived parental expec-tations and pediatrician antimicrobial prescribing behavior. Pedi-atrics 1999; 103: 711–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maselli JH, Gonzales R. Measuring antibiotic prescribing practices among ambulatory physicians: accuracy of administra-tive claims data. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54: 196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anon JB, Jacobs MR, Poole MD, et al. Antimicrobial treatment guidelines for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis. Otolaryn-gol Head Neck Surg. 2004; 130( suppl):1-45.
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, Huchon G, Leven M, Or-tqviste A, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 1138–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, et al; Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. In-fectious Diseases Society of America; American Thoracic Soci-ety. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 2: S27–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston SL. The importance of appropriate antimicrobial dosing: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(9 Suppl):S14–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaglione F, Paraboni L. Influence of pharmacokinet-ics/pharmacodynamics of antibacterials in their dosing regimen selection. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2006; 4 (3): 479–90. Review.
   Google Scholar
• Craig WA. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic indices: rationale for antibacterial dosing of mice and men. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig WA. Does the dose matter? Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33 (Suppl. 3), S233-S237.
   Google Scholar
• Drusano GL. Prevention of resistance: A goal for dose se-lection of antimicrobial agents. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36 (Suppl. 1), S42-S50.
   Google Scholar
• EUCAST. Setting breakpoints for new drugs and har-monising. www.srga.org/Eucastwt/bpsetting.htm - Visited No-vember 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Turnidge J, Christiansen K. Antibiotic use and resist-ance-proving the obvious. Lancet 2005; 365: 548–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung A, Perera R, Brueggemann AB, Elamin AE, Ham-den A, Mayon-White R, et al. Effect of antibiotic prescribing on antibiotic resistance in individual children in primary care: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2007;335 (7617): 429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goosens H, Ferech M, Stichele RV, Elseviers M. Outpa-tient antibiotic uses in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study. Lancet 2005; 365: 579–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arason VA, Gunnlaugsson A, Sigurdsson JA, Erlendsdottir H, Gudmundsson S, Kristinsson KG. Clonal spread of resist-ant pneumococci despite diminished antimicrobial use. Microb Drug Resist 2002; 8: 3–92.
   Google Scholar
• Guillemot D, Carbon C, Balkau B, Geslin P, Lecoeur H, Vauzelle-Kervroalan F, et al. Low dosage and long treatment du-ration of beta-lactam: risk factors for carriage of penicillin-resis-tant Streptococcus pneumoniae. JAMA. 1998; 279 (5): 365–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson VR, Perry CM. Levofloxacin: a review of its use as a high-dose, short-course treatment for bacterial infection. Drugs. 2008; 68 (4): 535–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JZ, Winston LG, Moore DH, Bent S. Efficacy of short-course antibiotic regimens for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2007 Sep; 120 (9): 783–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JK, Forrest A, Bhavnani SM, Hyatt JM, Cheng A, Ballow CH, et al. Pharmacodynamic evaluation of factors associated with the development of bacterial resistance in acutely ill patients during therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 42: 521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasser KE, Allen PD, Woo!handler SJ, Himmelstein DU, Wolfe SM, Bor DH. Timing of new black box warnings and with-drawals for prescription medications. JAMA. 2002; 287: 2215–2220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA, Murray KT, Meredith S, Narasimhulu SS, Hall K, Stein CM. Oral erythromycin and the risk of sudden death from cardiac causes. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1089–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau D. Clinical and economic implications of antimi-crobial resistance for the management of community-acquired respiratory tract infections. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2002; 50 (suppl 51): 61-70.
   Google Scholar
• Reyes S, Martinez R, Valles JM, Cases E, Menendez R. Determinants of hospital costs in community-acquired pneumo-nia. Eur Respir J. 2008; 31 (5): 1061–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monte SV, Paolini NM, Slazak EM, Schentag JJ, Paladino JA. Costs of treating lower respiratory tract infections. Am J Manag Care. 2008; 14 (4): 190–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asche C, McAdam-Marx C, Seal B, Crookston B, Mullins CD. Treatment costs associated with community-acquired pneu-monia by community level of antimicrobial resistance. J Antimi-crob Chemother. 2008; 61 (5): 1162–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson VR, Perry CM. Levofloxacin: a review of its use as a high-dose, short-course treatment for bacterial infection. Drugs. 2008; 68 (4): 535–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazir T, Fox LM, Nisar YB, Fox MP, Ashraf YP, MacLeod WB, et al. New outpatient short-course home oral therapy for severe pneumonia study group. Ambulatory short-course high-dose oral amoxicillin for treatment of severe pneumonia in chil-dren: a randomised equivalency trial. Lancet. 2008; 371 (9606): 49–56.
   Google Scholar
• Poole MD, Portugal LG. Treatment of rhinosinusitis in the outpatient setting. Am J Med. 2005; 118 Suppl 7A:455-505.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman RF, Rotschafer JC, Tan JS. Antimicrobial treat-ment of lower respiratory tract infections in the hospital setting. Am J Med. 2005; 118 Suppl 7A:295-385.
   Google Scholar
• Segreti J, House HR, Siegel RE. Principles of antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the outpatient setting. Am J Med. 2005; 118 Suppl 7A:215-285.
   Google Scholar
• Ball AP, Bartlett JG, Craig WA, Drusano GL, Felming-ham D, Garau JA, et al. Future trends in antimicrobial chemotherapy: expert opinion on the 43rd ICAAC. J Chemother. 2004; 16 (5): 419–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar