Exploring the EMF—Melatonin Connection: A Review of the Possible Effects of 50/60-Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields on Melatonin Secretion

References

• Wilson BW, Stevens RG, Anderson LE. Neuroendocrine mediated effects of electromagnetic field exposure: possible role of the pineal gland. Life Sci. 1989; 45: 1319–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BW. Neuroendocrine responses to electric and magnetic fields. In: Carpenter DO, Ayrapetyan S. Biological effects of electricand magnetic fields Vol 1: Sources and Mechanisms New York: Academic Press; 1994: 287–313.
   Google Scholar
• Lerner AB, Case SD, Takahashi Y, et al. Isolation of melatonin, the pineal gland factor that lightens melanocytes. Am J Chem Soc. 1958; 802587.
   Google Scholar
• Axelrod J, Wurtman RJ, Snyder SH. Control of hydroxy indole-o-methyl transferase activity in the rat pineal gland by environmentallighting. J Biol Chem 1965; 240: 949–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ. Electromagnetic fields and melatonin production. Bio-med Pharmacother. 1993; 47: 439–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt J. Melatonin and the pineal gland. London, U.K: Chapmanand Hall, 1995: 66–109.
   Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ. The mammalian pineal gland: structure and function. Am J Anat. 1981; 162: 287–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science. 1980; 210: 1267–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Rosenthal NE. Manic depressive patients may be supersensitive to light. Lancet. 1981; 1: 383–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Arendt J, Pevet P. Melatonin and the pineal gland. From basic science to clinical application. Proceedings of the InternationalSymposium on Melatonin and the Pineal Gland. Paris, 6-9 September 1992. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 1993:393.
   Google Scholar
• Touitou Y. Clinical aspects of melatonin secretion. In: Gupta D (ed). Neuroendocrinology: New Frontiers; 1990: 244–254.
   Google Scholar
• Touitou Y, Fevre A, Bogdan A, et al Patterns of plasma melatonin with ageing and mental condition: stability of nyctohemeral rhythms and differences in seasonal variations Acta Endocrinol. 198+ 106: 145–51.
   Google Scholar
• Vriend J. Evidence for pineal gland modulation of the neuroen-docrine-thyroid axis. Neuroendocrinology. 1983; 36: 68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soszynski P, Zgliczynski S, Pucilowska J. The circadian rhythm of melatonin in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism Acta En-docrinol. 1988; 119: 240–4.
   Google Scholar
• Touitou Y. Pineal and hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: in search for interaction. In: Reiter RJ, Pang SF (eds). Advances in Pineal Research. London, U.K: J. Libbey, 1989; 3: 241–6.
   Google Scholar
• Wright J, Aldhous M, Franey C, English J, Arendt J. The effects of exogenous melatonin on endocrine function in man. Clin En-docrinol. 1986; 2+375–82.
   Google Scholar
• Kivela A, Kauppila A, Ylostalo P, Vakkurj O. Seasonal, Imenstrual and circadian secretions of melatonin, gonadotropins and pro-'actin in women. Acta Physiol Scand. 1988; 132: 321–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kivela A, Kauppila A, Leppaluoto J, et al. Serum and amniotic fluid melatonin during human labor. J Clin Endocrin Metab. 1989; 69: 1065–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichlin S. Neuroendocrine-immune interactions. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329: 1246–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champney TH, McMurray DN: In: Fraschini F, Reiter RJ (eds). Role of Melatonin and Pineal Peptides in Neuro-immunomodu-lation. New York: Plenum Press, 1991: 219–25.
   Google Scholar
• Maestroni G, Conti A. Melatonin and the immune system. In: Melatonin and the Pineal Gland. From Basic Science to Clinical Application. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Melatonin and the Pineal Gland, Paris, 6-9 September 1992. Am-sterdam, The Netherlands: Excerpta Medica, 1993: 29–33.
   Google Scholar
• Lewinski A, Zelazowski P, Sewerinek E, et al. Melatonin-induced suppression of human lymphocytic natural killer activity in vitro. J Pineal Res. 1989; 7;153–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatani M, Ohara Y, Katagiri E, et al. Studien fiber die zirbellosenweiblichen weissen Ratten. Nippon Butsuri Gakkaishi. 1940; 30: 323–36.
   Google Scholar
• Regelson W, Pierpaoli W. Melatonin, a rediscovered antitumor hormone? Its relation to surface receptors, sex steroid metabo-lism, immunologic response, and chronobiologic factors in tumorgrowth and therapy. Cancer Invest. 1987; 5: 379–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blask DE, Hill SM. Effects of melatonin on cancer: studies on MCF-7 human breast cancer cells in culture. J Neural Transm. 1986; 21 (suppl) :433–49.
   Google Scholar
• Philo R, Berkowitz AS. Inhibition of Dunning tumor growth by melatonin. J Urol. 1988; 139: 1099–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone AM, Silman RE, Hill BT, et al. Growth inhibitory effects of melatonin and its metaloolites against ovarian tumor cell lines in vitro. In: Gupta D, Attanasio A, Reiter RJ (eds). The Pineal Gland and Cancer. London, U.K: Brain Research Promotion, 1988, 273–81.
   Google Scholar
• Aubert C, Prade M Bouhon C. Effets de la pinéalectomie sur les tumeurs mélaniques du hamster doré induites par l'administra-non d'une seule'dose de 9-10 diméthyl-1-2 benzanthracéne. CR Acad Sci. 1970; 271: 2465–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tarnarkin L, Cohen M, Roselle D, et al. Melatonin inhibition and pinealectomy enhancement of 7,12-dime thylbenz (a) anthraceneinducedmammary tumors in the rat Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 4432–6.
   Google Scholar
• Girod C. Epiphyse. Ed Techniques---Encycl Med Chir (Glandes endocrines-nutrition). 1990; 10025A10–12.
   Google Scholar
• Weyer R. The circadian system in man. New York: Springer Ver-lag, 1979.
   Google Scholar
• Welker HA, Semm P, Willig RP, et al. Effects of an artificial magneticfield on serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity and melatonincontent of rat pineal gland. Exp Brain Res 1983; 50: 426–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuss S, Olcese J. Magnetic field effects on the rat pineal gland: role of retinal activation by light Neurosci Lett 1986; 6+97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Stehle J, Reuss S, Schroder H, et al Magnetic field effect on pineal Nacetyltransferaseactivity and melatonin contend in the gerbil. Role of the pigmentation and sex. Physiol Behav. 1988; 4+91–4.
   Google Scholar
• Semm P. The magnetic detection system of the pigeon involve merit of the pineal and retinal photoreceptors and the vestibular system. In: O'Connor MM, Leyely J (eds). Electromagnetic Fields and Neurobehavioral Function. New York: Alan R Liss 1988: 47–61.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider T, Thalau HP, Semm P. Effects of light or different earth strength magnetic fields on the nocturnal melatonin concentrationin a migratory bird. Neurosci Lett 1994; 168: 73–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson BW, Anderson LE, Hilton DI, et al. Chronic exposure to 60 Hz electric field: effects on pineal function in the rat Bioelec-tromagnetics. 1981; 2: 371–80.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson BW, Anderson LE, Hilton DI, et al Chronic exposure to 60 Hz electric field: effects on pineal function in the rat. Bioelec-trornagnetics. 1983; +293.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson BW, Chess EK, Anderson LE. 60 Hz electric field effects on pineal melatonin rhythms time course for onset and recovery. Bioelectromagnetics. 1986; 7: 239–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Anderson LE, Buschbom RL, et al. Reduction of the nocturnal rise in pineal melatonin levels in rats exposed to 60 Hz electric fields in utero and for 23 days after birth. Life Sci. 1988; 42: 2203–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grota U, Lu S, Reiter R, et al. Melatonin secretion by rats exposed to electric fields (meeting abstract). Bioelectromagnetics Society, 13th Annual Meeting, 23-27 June, 1991, Salt Lake City, Utah:106.
   Google Scholar
• Sasser LB, Morris JE, Buschbom RL, et al. Effect of 60 Hz electric fields on pineal melatonin during various times of the dark pe-riod. Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of 50 and 60 Hz Electric and Magnetic Fields, November 3-7,1991, Mil-waukee, Wisconsin. U.S. Department of Energy, 1991A-24.
   Google Scholar
• Grota LJ, Reiter RJ, Keng P, et al. Electric field exposure alters serum melatonin but not pineal melatonin synthesis in male rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 1994; 15: 427–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yellon SM. Acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposure effects on the melatonin rhythm in the pineal gland and circulation to the adult Djungarian hamster. J Pineal Res. 1994; 16: 136–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yellon SM, Gottfried L. An acute 60 Hz magnetic field exposure suppresses the nighttimemelatonin rhythm in the adult Djungarianhamster in short days. Annual Review of Research on BiologicalEffects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Genera-tion, Delivery and Use of Electricity, November 8-12,1992, San Diego, California. U.S. Department of Energy, 1992A-22.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson BW, Morris JE, Sasser LB, et al. Changes in the hypothalamusand pineal gland on Djungarian hamsters from shorttermexposure to 60 Hz magnetic fields. Annual Review of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Gen-eration, Delivery and Use of Electricity, October 31-November 4, 1993, Savannah, Georgia. U.S. Department of Energy, 1993A-30.
   Google Scholar
• Kato M, Honma K, Shigemitsu T, et al. Effects of exposure to a circularlypolarized sinusoidal 50 Hz magnetic field on plasma and pineal melatonin levels in rats. Bioelectromagnetics. 1993; 14: 97–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato M, Honma KS, Shigemitsu T, et al. Horizontal or vertical 50 Hz, 1 nT magnetic fields have no effect on pineal gland or plasma melatonin concentration of albino rats. Neurosci Lett. 1994; 168: 205–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch HL, Deng WH, Wurtman RJ. Light intensities required to suppress nocturnal melatonin secretion in albino and pigmented rats. Life Sci-. 1984; 35: 841–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato M, Honma KS, Shigemitsu T, et al. Circularly polarized 50 Hz magnetic field exposure reduces pineal gland and blood melatoninconcentrations in Longevansrats. Neurosci Lett. 1994; 166: 59–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LerchI A, Nonaka KO, Reiter RJ. Pineal gland “magnetosensitiv-ity” to static magnetic fields is a consequence of induced electric currents (eddy currents). J Pineal Res. 1991; 10: 109–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loscher W, Wahnschaffe U, Mevissen M, et al. Effects of weak alternatingmagnetic fields on nocturnal melatonin production and mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Oncology. 1994; 51: 288–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JM Jr., Stormshak F, Thompson JM, et al. Melatonin secretion and puberty in female lambs exposed to environmental electric and magnetic fields. Biol Reprod. 1993; 49: 857–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers WR, Orr JL, Reiter RJ. 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields and primate melatonin. In: Blank M (ed). Electricity and Magnetismin Biology and Medicine. San Francisco, California: San Francisco Press, 1993: 393–397.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson BW, Wright CW, Morris JE, et al. Evidence for an effect of ELF electromagnetic fields on human pineal gland function. J Pineal Res. 1990; 9: 259–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham C, Cook MR, Cohen HD, et al. EMF suppression of nocturnalmelatonin in human volunteers. Annual Review of Researchon Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Electricity, October 31-No-vember 4,1993, Savannah, Georgia. U.S. DOE, 1993A-31.
   Google Scholar
• Graham CH, Cook MR, Cohen HD, et al. Nocturnal melatonin levels in men exposed to magnetic fields: a replicate study. AnnualReview of Research on Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Generation, Delivery and Use of Elecricity, November 6-10,1994, Albuquerque, New Mexico. U.S.Depart-men t of Energy, 1994: A-51.
   Google Scholar
• Liburdy RP, Sloma TR, Sokovic R, et al. ELF magnetic fields, breast cancer and melatonin: 60 Hz fields block melatonin's oncostaticaction on ER+ breast cancer cell proliferation. J Pineal Res. 1993; 13: 89–97.
   Google Scholar
• Davis DL, Hoel D, Fox J, et al. International trends in cancer mortalityin France, West Germany, Italy, Japan, England and Wales, and the USA. Lancet. 1990; 336: 474–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens RG, Davis G, Thomas DB, et al. Electric power, pineal function, and the risk of breast cancer. FASEB J. 1992; 6: 853–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn RA. Profound bilateral blindness and the incidence of breast cancer. Epidemiology. 1991; 2: 208–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler CA, Shanahan TL, Klerman EB, et al. Suppression of melatonin secretion in some blind patients by exposure to bright light. N Engl J Med. 1995; 332: 6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Types T, Andersen A. Electromagnetic fields and breast cancer (letter). Lancet. 1990; 336:1596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demers PA, Thomas DB, Rosenblatt KA, et al. Occupational exposureto electromagnetic fields and breast cancer in men. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 134: 340–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomis DP. Cancer of breast among men in electric occupations. Lancet. 1992; 339: 1482–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matanoski GM, Breysse PN, Elliott EA. Electromagnetic field exposureand male breast cancer. Lancet. 1991; 337:737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Floderus B, Tornqvist S, Stenlund C. Incidence of selected cancersin Swedish railway workers, 1961-79. Cancer Causes Control. 1994; 5: 189–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum PF, Vena JE, Zielezny MA, et al. Occupational exposuresassociated with male breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1994; 139: 30–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theriault G, Goldberg M, Miller AB, et al. Cancer risks associated with occupational exposure to magnetic fields among electric utility workers in Ontario and Quebec, Canada and France: 1970-1989. Am J Epidemiol. 1994; 139: 550–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saviu DA, Loomis DP. Magnetic field exposure in relation to leukemia and brain cancer mortality among electric utility work-ers. Am J Epidemiol. 1995; 141: 123–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowall ME. Mortality of persons resident in the vicinity of electricaltransmission facilities. Br J Cancer. 1986; 53: 271–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vena JE, Graham S, Hellman R, et al. Use of electric blankets and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Am J Epidemiol. 1991; 134: 180–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vena JE, Freudenheim JL, Marshall JR, et al. Risk of premenopausalbreast cancer and use of electric blankets. Am J Epi-demiol. 1994; 140: 974–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreiber GH, Swaen GM, Meijers JM, et al. Cancer mortality and residence near electricity transmission equipment: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Epidemiol. 1993; 22: 9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenel P, Raskmark P, Bach Andersen J, et al. Cancer incidence in persons with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in Denmark. Br J Ind Med. 1993; 50: 758–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vagero D, Ahlbom A, Olin R, et al. Cancer morbidity among workersin the telecommunications industry. Br J Ind Med. 1985; 42: 191–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loomis DP, Savitz DA, Ananth CV. Breast cancer mortality among female electrical workers in the United States. J Nail Cancer Inst. 1994; 86: 921–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R, Anastasiadis PG, Anninos PA, Tsagas N. Is the pineal gland involved in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma? Int J Neurosci. 1992; 62: 89–96.
   Google Scholar
• Doll R, Fraumeni JF Jr, Muir CS. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality. Vol 19/20. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1994: 10–20.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers WR, Coelho AM, Easley SP. Effects of 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields on operant and social behavior and on neuroendocrinesystem of nonhumanprimates. Draft final report. 1992. Southwest Research Institute. U.S. Department of Energy Contract.
   Google Scholar
• Sulzman FM, Murrish DE. Effects of elecromagnetic fields on primatescircadian rhythms Technical Report prepared for the 4 New York State Power Lines Project, Wadsworth Labs, E-297, EmpireState Plaza. Albany, New York, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Asanova TP, Rakov Al. The state of health of persons working in electric field of outdoor 400- and 500-kV switch yards In: Knicker-bocker G (ed). Hygiene of Labor and Professional Diseases vol. 5, trans IEEE Power Engineering Society Spec. Pub. 10,1975. Pis-cataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engi-neers, 1966.
   Google Scholar
• Knave B, Gamberale F, Bergstrom S, et al. Long-term exposure to electric fields: a cross sectional epidemiologic investigation of occupationallyexposed workers in highvoltagesubstations. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1979; 5: 115–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent DE, Broadbent MH, Male JC, et al. Health of workers exposed to electric fields. Br J Ind Med. 1985; 42: 75–84.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baroncelli P, Battisti S, Checucci A, et al. A health examination of railway highvoltagesubstation workers exposed to ELF electromagneticfields Am J Ind Med. 1986; 10 45–55.
   Google Scholar
• Gamberale F, Olson BA, Eneroth P, et al. Acute effects of ELF electromagnetic fields: a field study of linesman working with 400 kV power lines. Br J Ind Med. 1989; 46: 729–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bans D, Armstrong B. Suicide among electric utility workers in England and Wales Br J Ind Med. 1990; 47: 788–9.
   Google Scholar
• Savitz DA, Boyle GA, Holmgreen P. Prevalence of depression among electrical workers. Am J Ind Med. 1994; 25: 165–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichmanis M, Perry FS, Marino AA, et al. Relation between suicideand the elecromagnetic field of overhead power lines. Phys-iol Chem Phys. 1979; 11: 395–403.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry S, Pearl L, Binns R. Power frequency magnetic field; depressiveillness and myocardial infarction. Public Health. 1989; 103: 177–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poole C, Kavet R., Funch DP, et al. Depressive symptoms and headaches in relation to proximity of residence to an alternatingcurrenttransmission line right-of-way. Am J Epidemiol. 1993; 137: 318–30.
   Google Scholar
• McMahan S, Ericson J, Meyer J. Depressive synytomatology in women and residential proximity to highvoltagetransmission lines. Am J Epidemiol. 1994; 139: 58–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenel P, Lellouch J. Effets des champs électriques et magnetiquesde tres basse fréquence sur la sante. Paris: INSERM, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Jacobsen FM, et al. Melatonin in seasonalaffective disorder and phototherapy. J Neural Transm. 1986; 21 (suppl) :257–67.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson C, Franey C, Arendt J, et al. A comparison of melatoninsecretion in depressed patients and normal subjects Br J Psychiatry. 1988; 152: 260–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Miller LS, et al. Antidepressant and circadian phase shiftingeffects of light Science. 1987; 235: 352–4.
   Google Scholar
• Tan D, Reiter RJ, Chen LD, et al Both physiological and pharmacologicallevels of rnelatonin reduce DNA adduct formation inducedby the carcinogen safrole. Carcinogenesis. 1994; 15: 215–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Poeggeler B, Tan DX, et al. Melatonin suppression by magnetic fields and the relation to cancer: a theoretical hypothesisto explain the interactions. Annual Review of Research on BiologicalEffects of Electric and Magnetic Fields from the Genera don, Delivery and Use of Electricity, October 31-November 4, 1993, Savannah, Georgia. U.S. Department of Energy, 1993: A-33.
   Google Scholar
• Benz RD, Carsten AL, Baum JW, et al. Mutagenicity and toxicity of 60 Hz magnetic and electric fields Technical Report preparedfor the New York State Power Lines Project, Wadsworth Labs, E-297, Empire State Plaza. Albany, New York, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen MM. In vitro genetic effects of electromagnetic fields Technical Report prepared for the New York State Power Lines Project, Wadsworth Labs, E-297, Empire State Plaza. Albany, New York, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Livingston GK, Gandhi OP, Chatterjee I, et al. Reproductive inof mammalian cells exposed to 60 Hz electromagnetic fields Technical Report prepared for the New York State Power Lines Project, Wadsworth Labs, E-297, Empire State Plaza. Al-bany, New York, 1986.
   Google Scholar
• Frazier ME, Reese JA, Morris JE, et al. Exposure of mammalian cells to 60 Hz magnetic or electric fields: analysis of DNA repair on induced singlestrandbreaks. Bioelectromagnetics. 1990; 11: 229–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nafziger J, Desjobert H, Benamar B, et al. DNA mutations and 50 Hz electromagnetic fields. Bioelectrochemistry and Bioener-getics. 1993; 30: 133–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar