References
- Klein BP, Jensen RC, Sanderson LM. Assessment of workers' com-pensation claims for back strains/sprains. J Occup Med. 1984; 26: 443–8.
- Rowe ML. Backache at Work. Fairport, NY: Perrington Press, 1983.
- Frank JW, Pulcins IR, Kerr MS, Shannon HS, Stansfeld SA. Occu-pational back pain-an unhelpful polemic. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1995; 21: 3–14.
- Loeser JD, Volinn E. Epidemiology of low back pain. Neurosurg Clin North Am. 1991; 2: 713–8.
- Bombardier C, Kerr MS, Shannon HS, Frank JW. A guide to in-terpreting epidemiologic studies on the etiology of back pain. Spine. 1994; 19: 2047S-2056S.
- Burry HC, Gravis V. Compensated back injury in New Zealand. NZ Med J. 1988; 101: 542–4.
- Damkot DK, Pope MH, Lord J, Frymoyer JW. The relationship be-tween work history, work environment and low-back pain in men. Spine. 1984; 9: 395–9.
- Leavitt F. The physical exertion factor in compensable work in-juries. Spine. 1992; 17: 307–10.
- Saraste H, Hultman G. Life conditions of persons with and with-out low-back pain. Scand J Rehabil Med. 1987; 19: 109–13.
- Walsh K, Varnes N, Osmond C, Styles R, Coggon D. Occupational causes of low-back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1989; 15: 54–9.
- Walsh K, Cruddas M, Coggon D. Interaction of height and me-chanical loading of the spine in the development of low-back pain. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991;17;420–4.
- Park CH, Wagener DK, Winn DM, Pierce JP. Health conditions among the currently employed: United States, 1988. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 1993;10(186).
- U.S. Bureau of the Census. Classified Index of Industries and Oc-cupations. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, 1980.
- Research Triangle Institute. Software for SUrvey DAta ANalysis (SUDAAN), Version 5.30. Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.
- SAS Institute Inc., SAS/STAT User's Guide, Version 6. Cary, NC:SAS Institute Inc, 1989.
- Abenhaim L, Suissa S. Importance and economic burden of oc-cupational back pain: a study of 2,500 cases representative of Que-bec. J Occup Med. 1987; 29: 670–4.
- Riihimaki H, Tola S. Videman T, Hanninen K. Low-back pain and occupation: a cross-sectional questionnaire study of men in ma-chine operating, dynamic physical work, and sedentary work. Spine. 1989; 14: 204–9.
- Andersson GB. Epidemiologic aspects on low-back pain in indus-try. Spine. 1981; 6: 53–60.
- Andersson GB, Pope MH. The patients. In: Pope MH, Frymoyer JW, Andersson GB eds.) Occupational Back Pain. New York: Praeger; 1984;137-53.
- Borenstein D. Low back pain. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 1990; 2: 233–41.
- Frymoyer JVV. Back pain and sciatica. N Engl J Med. 1988; 318: 291–300.
- Garg A, Moore JS. Epidemiology of low-back pain in industry. Oc-cup Med. 1992; 7: 593–608.
- Heliovaara M. Risk factors for low back pain and sciatica. Ann Med. 1989; 21: 257–64.
- Margora A. Investigation of the relation between low back pain and occupation. Ind Med. 1970; 39: 465–71.
- Pope MH. Risk indicators in low back pain. Ann Med. 1989;21; 387–92.
- Riihimald H. Low-back pain, its origin and risk indicators. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1991; 17: 81–90.
- Roncarad A, McMullen W. Correlates of low back pain in a gen-eral population sample: a multidisciplinary perspective. J Manip-ulative Physiol Ther. 1988; 11: 158–64.
- Skovron ML. Epidemiology of Low Back Pain. Bailliere's Clin Rheumatol. 1992; 6: 559–73.
- Leigh JP, Sheetz P.M. Prevalence of back pain among fulltime United States workers. Br J Ind Med. 1989; 46: 651–7.
- Reisbord LS, Greenland S. Factors associated with self-reported back-pain prevalence: a population-based study. J Chronic Dis. 1985; 38: 691–702.
- Hildebrandt VH. Back pain in the working population: preva-lence rates in Dutch trades and professions. Ergonomics. 1995; 38: 1283–98.
- Kuh DJ, Coggan D, Mann S, Cooper C, Yusuf E. Height, occupa-tion and back pain in a national prospective study. Br J Rheuma-tol. 1993; 32: 911–6.
- Burchfiel CM, Boice JA, Stafford BA, Bond GG. Prevalence of back pain and joint problems in a manufacturing company. J Oc-cup Med. 1992; 34: 129–34.
- Deyo RA, Tsui-Wu YJ, Functional disability due to back pain. Arthritis Rheum. 1987; 30: 1247–53.
- Battle MC, Bigos SJ, Fisher LD, et al. Anthropometric and clinical measures as predictors of back pain complaints in industry: a prospective study. J Spinal Disord. 1990; 3: 195–204.
- Boshuizen HC, Verbeek JH, Broersen JP, Wed l AN. Do smokers get more back pain? Spine. 1993; 18: 35–40.
- Ernst E. Smoking, a cause of back trouble? Br J Rheumatol. 1993; 32: 239-42.
- Jamison RN, Stetson BA, Parris WCV. The relationship between cigarette smoking and chronic low back pain. Addict Behav. 1991; 16: 103–10.