Precautionary Approaches to the Appraisal of Risk: A Case Study of a Genetically Modified Crop

References

• European Commission. Externe: Externalities of Energy. Vol 1-6, EUR 16520-16525 EN, Brussels, Belgium, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. Limits to the value of external costs. Energy Policy. 1997; 25:5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bezembinder T. Social choice theory and practice. In: Vlek C, Cvetkovitch G. Social Decision Methodology for Technological Pro-jects. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Arrow K. Social Choice and Individual Values. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1963.
   Google Scholar
• Knight F. Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
   Google Scholar
• Luce R, Raiffa H. Games and Decisions. New York: Wiley, 1957.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan M, Henrion M, Small M. Uncertainty: A Guide to Dealing with Uncertainty in Quantitative Risk and Policy Analysis. Cam-bridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Funtowicz S, Ravetz J. Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Kluwer, 1990.
   Google Scholar
• Loasby B. Choice, Complexity and Ignorance: An Inquiry into Eco-nomic Theory and the Practice of Decision Making. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
   Google Scholar
• Smithson M. Ignorance and Uncertainty: Emerging Paradigms. New York: Springer, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Wynne B. Uncertainty and environmental learning: reconceiving sci-ence and policy in the preventive paradigm. Global Environmental Change. 1992; 111–27.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber M, Proops J. Evolution, Time, Production and the Environ-ment. Berlin, Germany: Springer, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. Risk at a Turning Point?, J Risk Res. 1998; 1: 97–110.
   Google Scholar
• von Hayek F. New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• O'Riordan T, Cameron J. Interpreting the Precautionary Principle. London, U.K.: Earthscan, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Harding R, Fisher E. Perspectives on the Precautionary Principle. Anandale, CA: Federation Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Raffensberger C, Tickner J. Protecting Public Health and the Envi-ronment: Implementing the Precautionary Principle. New York: Island Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. On Science and Precaution in the Management of Tech-nological Risk: Vol 1-a synthesis report of case studies. Institute for - Prospective Technology Studies. Sevilla, Spain, EUR 19056 EN, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. On Precautionary and Science Based Approaches to Risk Assessment and Environmental Appraisal. Vol 2. Institute for Prospective Technology Studies. Sevilla, Spain, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Renn O, Klinke A. Risk Evaluation and Risk Management for Insti-tutional and Regulatory Policy., Vol 2. Sevilla, Spain: Institute for Prospective Technology Studies, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. Multicriteria mapping: mitigating the problems of envi-ronmental valuation? In Foster J (ed). Valuing Nature: Economics, Ethics and Environment. London, U.K.: Routledge, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A, Mayer S. Rethinking Risk: A Pilot Multi-criteria Mapping of a Genetically Modified Crop in Agricultural Systems in the UK. Sussex, U.S.: SPRU, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer Sm Hill J, Grove-White R, Wynne B. Uncertainty, precaution and decision making: the release of genetically modified organisms into the environment. Global Environmental Change Programme Briefings Number &. Global Environmental Change Programme: University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, U.K., 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Biotechnology and the European Public Concerted Action Group. Europe ambivalent on biotechnology. Nature. 1997; 387: 845–7.
   Google Scholar
• Grove-White R, Macnaghton P, Mayer S, Wynne B. Uncertain World. Genetically Modified Organisms, Food and Public Attitudes in Britain. Centre for the Study of Environmental Change, Lancaster University, United Kingdom, 1997: Lancaster, 64 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Von Schomberg R. An Appraisal of the Working in Practice of Direc-tive' 90/220/EEC on the Deliberate Release of Genetically Modified Organisms. STOA, European Parliament, Luxembourg, Belgium, 1998.
   Google Scholar
• Wynne B, Mayer S. The Release of Genetically Modified Organisms to the Environment. In: EU 98. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1999 (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. Mayer S. Forthcoming, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling A. Diversity and ignorance in electricity supply investment: addressing the solution rather than the problem. Energy Policy. 1994; 22, 3.
   Google Scholar