Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Global Occupational Risk for Healthcare Workers?

References

• Warren JR, Marshall B. Unidentified curved bacilli in the stom-ach of patients with gastritis and peptic ulceration. Lancet. 1984;i:1311–5.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson WL. Helicobacter pylori and peptic ulcer disease. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324: 1043–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Malaty HM, Evan DI Klein PD, Adam E. Epidemi-ology of Helicobacter pylori in an asymptomatic population in the United States: effects of age, race, and socio-economic status. Gastroenterology. 1991; 100: 1495–501.
   Google Scholar
• Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH, Kato J, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1132–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Friedmann GD, Vandersteen DP, Orentreich N, Sibley RK. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric car-cinoma. N Engl J Med. 1991; 325: 1127–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, et al. Associations between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evi-dence from a prospective investigation. BMJ. 1991: 302:1302–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel P, Mendall MA, Khulusi S, Northfield TC, Strachan DP. Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood:risk factors and effect on growth. BMJ. 1994; 309: 1119–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkinaimen EL, Boyle E, Tudiver E. Is Hpylori associated with non-ulcer dyspepsia and will eradication improve symptoms ? A meta-analysis. BMJ. 1999; 319: 1040–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moayyedi P, Deeks J, Talley NI, Delaney B, Forman D, An update of the Cochrane systematic review of Helicobacter pylori eradica-tion therapy in non ulcer dyspepsia: resolving.the discrepancy between systematic reviews. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003; 98: 2621–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LM. Helicobacter pylori: epidemiology and routes of trans-mission. Epidemiol Rev. 2000; 22: 283–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The EUROGAST Study group. Epidemiology of, and risk factors for Helicobacter pylori infection among 3194 asymptomatic sub-jects in 17 populations. Gut. 1993; 34: 1672–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY. Helicobacter pylori: its epidemiology and its role in duodenal ulcer disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1991; 6: 105–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Adam E, Reddy GT, et al. Seroepidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in India. Comparison of developing and developed countries. Dig Dig Sci. 1991; 36: 1084–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendall MA, Goggin PM, Molineaux N, et al. Childhood living conditions and Helicobacter pylori seropositivity in adult life. Lancet. 1992; 339: 896–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suerbaum S, Michetti P. Helicobacter pylori infection. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347: 1175–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman KJ, Correa P. The transmission of Helicobacter pylori. A critical review of the evidence. Int J Epidemiol. 1995; 24: 875–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megraud F. The epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993; 22: 89–104.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kuipers EJ, Pena AS, van Kamp G, et al. Seroconversion for Heli-cobacter pylori. Lancet . 1993; 342: 328–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock S, Jorgensen T, Andersen L, Bonnevie O. Serocon-version and seroreversion in IgG antibodies to Helicobacter pylori: a serology based prospective cohort study. J Epidemiol Commu-nity Health. 2000; 54: 444–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto G, Bautista CT, Roth DE, et al. Helicobacter pylori reinfection is common in Peruvian adults after antibiotic eradication ther-apy. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188: 1263–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahay P. Axon AT. Reservoirs of Helicobacter pylori and modes of transmission. Helicobacter. 1996; 1: 175–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall BJ, Armstrong JA, McGechie DB, Glaney RJ. Attempt to fulfill Koch's postulates for pyloric Campylobacter. Med J Aust. 1985; 142: 436–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Megraud F. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori : faecal-oral versus oral-oral route. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1995; 9 (suppl 2):85-91.
   Google Scholar
• Oderda G. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori infection. Can J Gastroenterol, 1999; 13: 595–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parente F, Maconi G, Sangaletti 0, et al. Prevalence of Heli-cobacter pylori infection and related gastroduodenal lesions in spouses of Helicobacter pylon positive patients with duodenal ulcer. Gut. 1996; 39: 629–33.
   Google Scholar
• Singh V, Trkha B, Vaiphei K, Nain CK, Thennarasu K, Singh K. Helicobacter pylori : evidence for spouse-to-spouse transmission. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1999; 14: 519–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luman W, Zhao Y, Ng HS, Ling EL. Helicobacter pylori infection is unlikely to be transmitted between partners: evidence from genotypic study in partners of infected patients. Eur J Gas-troenterol Hepatol. 2002; 14: 521–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Garcia Arata I, Boixeda D, et al. Role of partner's infection in reinfection after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2002; 14: 865–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki J, Muraoka H, Kobayasi I, Fujita T, Mine T. Rare inci-dence of interspousal transmission of Helicobacter pylori in asymp-tomatic individuals in Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 1999; 37: 4174–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham D, Alpert C, Smith JL, Yoshimota HH. Iatrogenic Campylobacter pylori infection is a cause of epidemic achlorhy-dria. Am J Gastroenterol. 1988; 83: 878–80.
   Google Scholar
• Roosendaal R, Kuipers EJ, Van den Broule AJ, et at. Detection of Helicobader pylan DNA by PCR in gastrointestinal equipment. Lancet. 1993; 341: 900.
   Google Scholar
• Chow TKF, Lambert JR, Wahlqvist ML, Hsuhage BHH. Heli-cobacter pylori on Melbourne Chinese immigrants; evidence for oral-oral transmission via chopsticks. J Gastroenterol Hepato. 1995; 10: 562–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banatvala N, Abdi Y, Clements L, et al. Helicobacter pylori infec-tion in dentists--a case-control study, Scan J Infect Dis. 1995; 27: 149-151.
   Google Scholar
• Lin SK, Lambert JR, Schembri MA, Nicholson L, Johnson III. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in practising dental staff and dental students. Austr Deng. 1998; 43: 35–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzza F, Maletta M, Imeneo M, et al. Evidence against an increased risk of Helicobacter pylon infection in dentists: a sero-logical and salivary study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1995; 7: 773–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaty HM, Evans DJ, Abramovitch K, Evans DG, Graham DY Helicobacter pylori infection in dental workers: a seroepidemiol-ogy study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1992; 87: 1728–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiff A, Jacobs E, Kist M. Seroepidemiological study of the immune response to Campylobacter pylori in potential risk groups. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1989; 8: 592–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda K, Ohkusa T, Takashimizu I, Watanabe M, Amagasa M. High risk of Helicobacter pylori infection in young Japanese den-tists. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2001; 16: 862–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas JE, Gibson GR, Darboe MK, Dale A, Weaver LT. Isola-tion of Helicobacter pylori from human faeces. Lancet. 1992; 340: 1194–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazell SL, Mitchell HM, Hedges M, et al. Hepatitis A and evi-dence against the community dissemination of Helicobacter pylori in feces. J Infect Dis. 1994; 170: 686–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb PM, Knight T, Newell DG, Elder JB, Forman D. Helicobac-ter pylori transmission: evidence from a comparison with hepati-tis A virus. EurJ Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996; 8: 439–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudi J, Töppe H, Marx N, et al. Risk of infection with Heli-cobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus in different groups of hospi-tal workers. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92: 258–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzza F, Imeno M, Maletta M, et al. Seroepiderniology of Heli-cobacter pylori infection and hepatitis A in a rural area: evidence against a common mode of transmission. Gut. 1997; 41: 164–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuta T, Kamata T, Takashima M, et at. Study of transmission routes of Helicobacter pylon in relation to seroprevalence of hep-atitis A virus. J Clin Microbiol, 1997; 35: 1891–3.
   Google Scholar
• Williams CL. Helicobacter pylori and endoscopy. J Hosp Infect. 1999; 41: 263–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujisawa T, Kumagai T, Akamatsu T, Kiyosawa K, Matsunaga Y. Changes in seroepidemiological pattern of Helicobacter pylori and hepatitis A virus over the last 20 years in Japan. Am J Gastroen-terol. 1999; 94: 2094–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Axon AT. The transmission of Helicobacter pylori: which theory fits the facts? EurJ Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1996; 8: 1–2.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent P, Gottrand F, Pernes P, et al. High prevalence of Hell-cobacter pylori infection in cohabiting children. Epidemiology of a cluster, with special emphasis on molecular typing. Gut. 1994; 35: 313–6.
   Google Scholar
• Van Winckel M. Prevalentie van Helicobacter pylori hi] ernstig mentaal geretardeerde kinderen in een MPI (thesis). Gent, Bel-gium: University Hospital Ghent, 1994. [In Flemish]
   Google Scholar
• Böhmer CJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC, Kuipers EJ, et al. The preva-lence of Helicobacter pylori infection among inhabitants and healthy employees of institutes for the intellectually disabled. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92:10004.
   Google Scholar
• Luzza F, Mancuso M, Imeneo M, at al. Evidence favouring the gastro-oral route in the transmission of Helicobacter pylori infec-tion in children. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000; 12: 623–7.
   Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Shmuely H, Haggerty T. Fecal and oral shedding of Helicobacter pylori from healthy infected adults. JAMA. 1999; 282: 2241-5. (Comments published in JAMA 1999; 282: 2260–2262)
   Google Scholar
• Leung WK, Siu ELK, Kwok CKL, Chan SY, Sung R, Sungff Iso-lation of H. pylori from vomitus in children and its implications in gastro-oral transmission. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999; 94: 2881–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahamat M, Mai U, Paszko-Kolva C, Kassel M, Colwel RR. Use of autoradiography to assess viability of Helicobacter pylori in water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1993; 59: 1231–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cover TL. Commentary. Helicobacter pylori transmission, host fac-tors and bacterial factors. Gastroenterology. 1997; 113: S29-S30.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas JE, Pretolani S. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylon infec-tion. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 1994; 10: 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Deltenre M, De Koster E. How come I've got it? (A review of Helicobacter pylori transmission) Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000; 12: 479–82.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell H, Mégraud F. Epidemiology and diagnosis of Heli-cobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2002; 7 (suppl 1):8-16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Duynhoven YE, de Jonge R. Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: a role for food? Bull WHO. 2001; 79: 455–460.
   Google Scholar
• De Schryver AA, Van Winckel M. Helicobacter pylori infection: epi-demiology and occupational risk for health care workers. Ann Acad Med Singapore, 2001; 30: 457–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figura N. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and Helicobacter pylori infection. Lancet. 1996; 347: 1342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langenberg W, Rauws EA, Oudbier JH, Tytgat GN. Patient-to-patient transmission of Campylobacter pylori infection by fiberop-tic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy. J Infect Dis. 1990; 161: 507–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirnada T, Terano A, Ota S, Takikawa H, Sumino S. Risk of iatrogenic transmission of Helicobacter pylori by gastroscopes. Lancet . 1996; 347: 1342–3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong J, Marshall BJ, Barkin JS, et al. Occupational exposure to Helicobacter pylori for the endoscopy professional: a sera epi-demiological study. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89: 1987–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellett ML, Lou Q Chong SK. Prevalence of immunoglobulin G to Helicobacter pylori among endoscopy nurses/technicians. Gas-troenterol Nurs. 1999; 22: 3–6.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson MS, Cade JF, Clancy RL. Helicobacter pylori infection in intensive care: increased prevalence and a new nosocomial infection. Crit Care Med. 1999; 27: 1276–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornelis K, De Schryver A, Moens G. The occupational risk of Helicobacter pylori infection among workers in institutions for mentally disabled children. (thesis) Leuven, Belgium: Depart-ment of Occupational Health, Catholic University Leuven, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Triantafillidis JK, Gikas A, Hyphantis T, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in hospital workers over a 5-year period: correlation with demographic and clinical parameters. J Gastroenterol. 2002; 37: 1005–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SK, Lambert JR, Schembri MA, Nicholson L, Korman MG. Helicobacter pylori prevalence in endoscopy and medical staff. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1994; 9: 319–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu WZ, Xiao SD, Jiang S-J, Li RR, Pang ZJ. Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in medical staff in Shanghai. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1996; 31: 749–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hildebrand P Meyer-Wyss BM, Mossi S, Beglinger C. Risk among gastroenterologists of acquiring Helicobacter pylori infec-tion: case—control study. BMJ. 2000; 321: 149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmid K, Schoerner Ch. Erhöhte inzidenz serologisch nach-weisbarer Infektionen mit Helicobacter pylori während der Ausbil-dung in der Krankenpflege. [Increased incidence of immuno-globulin G antibodies against Helicobacter pylori among trainee nurses.] Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2001; 126: 1127–31. [In German]
   Google Scholar