Comparison Bias and Dilution Effect in Occupational Cohort Studies

References

• Hernberg S. “Negative” results in cohort studies-how to rec-ognize fallacies. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1981; 7 suppl 4: 121–6.
   Google Scholar
• Breslow NE, Day N. Statistical Methods in Cancer Research. Vol 2. The Design and Analysis of Cohort Studies. Lyon, France: IARC Scientific Publication No. 82, 1987.
   Google Scholar
• Gennaro V, Finkelstein MM, Ceppi M., et al Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers. Am J Ind Med. 2000; 37: 275–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kriebel D, Wegman DH, Moure-Eraso R, Punnett L. Limitations of meta-analysis: cancer in the petroleum industry. Am J Ind Med. 1990; 17: 269–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park RM, Ahn YS, Stayner LT, Karig SK, Jang JK. Mortality of iron and steel workers in Korea. Arn J Ind Med. 2005; 48: 194–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillargeon J. Characteristics of the healthy worker effect. Occup Med. 2001; 16: 359–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H. Validity: general consideration. In: Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Morgenstern H (eds). Epidemiologic Research-Principles and Quantitative Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982: 183-93.
   Google Scholar
• Pirastu R, Bruno C, De Santis M., et al Indagine epidemiologica sui lavoratori di Porto Marghera esposti a cloruro di vinile nelle fasi di produzione, polimerizzazione e insacco. Rapporti ISTI-SAN 97/22. [In Italian]
   Google Scholar
• Ward E, Boffetta P, Andersen A., et al Update of the follow-up of mortality and cancer incidence among European workers employed in the vinyl chloride industry. Epidemiology. 2001; 12: 710–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennaro V, Ceppi M, Montanaro E Reanalysis of mortality in a petrochemical plant producing vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. Epidemiol Prey. 2003; 27: 221–5. [In Italian]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pirastu R, Baccini M, Biggeri A., et al Epidemiologic study of workers exposed to vinyl chloride in Porto Marghera: mortality update. Epidemiol Prev. 2003; 27: 161–72. [In Italian]
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cocco P, Carta P, Flore C, et al. Mortality of lead smelter work-ers with the erythrocyte glucose6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficient phenotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomar Prey. 1996; 5: 223–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson NA, Barker DM, Van Peenen PF., et al Determining exposure categories for a refinery retrospective cohort mortal-ity study. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1985; 46: 653–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Deddens J, Salvan A, Stayner L. Negative bias in exposure-response trends in occupational studies: modeling the healthy worker survivor effect. Am J Epidemiol. 1996; 143: 202–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong 0, Raabe GK. A critical review of cancer epidemiology in the petroleum industry, with a meta-analysis of a combined database of more than 350,000 workers. Regal Toxicol Pharma-col. 2000; 32: 78–98.
   Google Scholar
• Telle-Lamberton M, Bergot D, Gagneau M., et al Cancer mor-tality among French atomic energy commission workers. Am J Ind Med. 2004; 45:31 44.
   Google Scholar
• Blair A, Sandler DP, Tarone R., et al Mortality among partici-pants in the agricultural health study. Ann Epidemiol. 2005; 15: 279–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastrangelo G, Fedeli U, Fadda E., et al Lung cancer risk in workers exposed to poly(vinyl chloride) dust: a nested case-ref-erent study. Occup Environ Med. 2003; 60: 423–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong O, Harris F. Cancer mortality study of employees at lead battery plants and lead smelters, 1947-1995. Ain J Ind Med. 2000; 38: 255–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundstrom NG, Nordberg G, Englyst V., et al Cumulative lead exposure in relation to mortality and lung cancer morbidity in a cohort of primary smelter workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1997; 23: 24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppinen T, Riala K. Seitsamo J, et al. Primary liver cancer and occupational exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1992; 18: 18–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Path P, Dessi S, Rao EN., et al Changes in serum and hepatic cholesterol in lead-induced liver hyperplasia. Toxicol Pathol. 1984; 12;162–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sheffet A, Thind I, Miller AM., et al Cancer mortality in a pig-ment plant utilizing lead and zinc chromates. Arch Environ Health. 1982; 37: 44–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantor EP, Sontag JM, Heid MF. Patterns of mortality among plumbers and pipefitters. Am J Ind Med. 1986; 10;73–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K. Boffetta P, Lead and cancer in humans: where are we now? Arn J Ind Med. 2000; 38: 295–9.
   Google Scholar
• Wong 0, Harris F. Cancer mortality study of empoloyees at lead battery plants and lead smelters, 1947-1995. Am J Ind Med. 2000; 38: 255–70.
   Google Scholar
• Parodi S, Montanaro F, Ceppi M., et al Mortality of petroleum refinery workers. Occup Environ Med, 2003; 60;304–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig ER, Madeksho L, Egilnaan D. Re: Mesothelioma and lung tumors attributable to asbestos among petroleum workers, Am J Ind Med. 2001; 39: 524–7.
   Google Scholar
• Dagg TG, Satin EP, Bailey WJ, Wong 0, Harmon LL, Swencicki RE. An updated cause specific mortality study of petroleum refinery workers. Br J Ind Med. 1992; 49: 203–12.
   Google Scholar
• Honda Y, Delia E, Cole P. An updated study of mortality among workers at a petroleum manufacturing plant. J Occup Environ Med. 1995; 37: 194–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong 0, Raabe GK. Cell type leukemia analyses in a combined cohort of more than 208,000 petroleum workers in the United States and the United Kingdom, 1937-1989. Regul Toxicol Pharnaacol. 1995; 21: 307–21.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai SP, Wendt JK. Health findings from a mortality and mor-bidity surveillance of refinery employees Ann Epideraiol. 2001; 11: 466–76.
   Google Scholar
• Satin KP, Bailey WJ, Newton KL, Ross AY, Wong O. Updated epidemiological study of workers at two California petroleum refineries, 1950-95. Occup Environ Med. 2002; 59.248-56.
   Google Scholar
• Tsai SR Chen VW, Fox EE, et al. Cancer incidence among refin-ery and petrochemical employees in Louisiana, 1983-1999, Ann Epidemiol. 2004; 14722-30.
   Google Scholar
• Wong 0, Raabe GK. Multiple myeloma and benzene exposure in a multinational cohort of more than 250,000 petroleum workers. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol. 1997; 26: 188–99.
   Google Scholar
• Wong 0, Raabe GK. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and exposure to benzene in a multinational cohort of more than 308,000 petro-leum workers, 1937 to 1996. J Occup Environ Med. 2000; 42: 554–68.
   Google Scholar
• Gennaro V, Tomatis L. Business bias: how epiclemiologic studiesmay underestimate or fail to detect increased risks of cancer and other diseases. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2005; 11: 356–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar