Electrical stimulation for wound healing

References

• Kitchen S & Young S. Tissue repair. In: Kitchen S & Bazin S (eds). Clayton's Electrotherapy. 10th ed. London: W.B. Saunders, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Vanable J. Integumentary potentials and wound healing. In: Borgens R (ed.) Electric Fields in Vertebrate Repair. New York: Alan Liss Inc. 1989: 171–224
   Google Scholar
• Clark RA. Basics of cutaneous wound repair. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993; 19: 148–812
   Google Scholar
• Steenfos HH. Growth-factors and wound healing. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1994; 28: 95–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashcroft GS, Horan MA & Ferguson MW. The effects of aging on cutaneous wound healing in mammals. J Anat 1995; 187:1–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank CB & Szeto AY. A review of electromagnetically enhanced soft tissue healing. IEEE Eng Med Biol 1983; 2: 27–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gentzkow GD. Electrical stimulation to heal dermal wounds. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1993; 19: 753–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vodovnik L & Karba R. Treatment of chronic wounds by means of electric and electromagnetic fields. Med Biol Eng Comput 1992; 30: 257–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biedebach MC. Accelerated healing of skin ulcers by electric stimulation and the intracellular physiological mechanisms involved. Acupunct Electrother 1989; 14: 43–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markov MS. Electric current and electromagnetic field effects on soft tissue—implications for wound healing. Wounds —a compendium Clin Res Prac 1995;7: 94–110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss DS, Kirsner R & Eaglstein WH. Electrical stimulation and wound healing. Arch Dermatol 1990; 126: 222–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carley PJ & Wainapel SF. Electrotherapy for acceleration of wound healing: Low intensity direct current. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985; 66: 443–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin JW, Tooms RE, Mendius RA, et al. Efficacy of high voltage pulsed current for healing of pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury. Phys Ther 1991; 71: 433–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe LF & Vanable JW. Electric fields and wound healing. Clin Dermatol 1984; 2: 34 r-44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barker AT, Jaffe LF & Vanable JW. The glabrous epidermis of cavies contains a powerful battery. Am J Physiol 1982;242: R358–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulds IS & Barker AT. Human skin battery potentials and their possible role in wound healing. Br J Dermatol 1983; 109: 515–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agren M & Mertz R Collagenase during bum wound healing—influence of a hydrogel dressing and pulsed electrical stimulation. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994;94: 518–24
   Google Scholar
• Gentzkow GD & Miller KH. Electrical stimulation for dermal wound healing. Clin Podriatr Med Surg 1991; 8: 827–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dayton PD & Palladino SJ. Electrical stimulation of cutaneous ulcerations. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 1989; 79: 318–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charman RA. Bioelectricity and electrotherapy— towards a new paradigm (series of 8 articles). Physiotherapy 1990 /1;76: 502–3 (Introduction)
   Google Scholar
• Watson T. Bioelectric correlates of musculoskeletal injury & repair [PhD]. Guildford: Surrey 1995. 500p
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO, Bachman CH & Friedman H. The direct current control system: A link between environment and organism. New York State 1962; 62: 1169–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker RO. Some observations indicating the possibility of longitudinal charge-carrier flow in the peripheral nerves. Biol Prototypes Synthet Systems 1962; 1: 31–7
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO. The electrical control of growth processes. Med Times 1967; 95: 657–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker RO. The significance of bioelectric potentials. Bioelectrochem Bioenerget 1974; 1: 187–99
   Google Scholar
• Hinkle L, McCaig CD & Robinson KR. The direction of growth of differentiating neurones and myoblasts from frog embryos is an applied electric field. J Physiol 1981; 314: 121–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illingworth CM & Barker AT. Measurement of electrical currents emerging during the regeneration of amputated finger tips in children. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1980; 1: 87–9
   Google Scholar
• Patel N & Poo M-M. Orientation of neurite growth by extracellular electric fields. J Neurosci 1982; 2: 483–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedenberg Z & Brighton CT. Bioelectric potentials in bone. J Bone Joint Surg 1966; 48: 915–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilber MC. Surface direct current bioelectric potentials in the normal and injured human thigh. Tex Rep Biol Med 1978; 36: 197–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang KS & Snellen JW. Bioelectric activity in the rabbit ear regeneration. J Exp Zool 1982; 221: 193–203
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakkalakal D, Wilson R & Connolly J. Epidermal and endosteal sources of endogenous electricity in injured canine limbs. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988; 35: 19–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakkalakal DA, Wilson RF & Connolly JF. Electrophysiologic basis for prognosis in fracture healing. Med Instrum 1988; 22: 312–22
   Google Scholar
• Barnes TC. Healing rate of human skin determined by measurement of the electrical potential of experimental abrasions. Am J Surg 1945; 69: 82–8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgens RB. What is the role of naturally produced electric current in vertebrate regeneration and healing? Int Rev Cytol 1982; 76: 245–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgens RB. Endogenous ionic currents traverse intact and damaged bone. Science 1984; 225: 478–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RO. The bioelectric factors in amphibian limb regeneration. J Bone Joint Surg 1961; 43A: 643–56
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO. The basic biological data transmission and control system influenced by electrical forces. An N Y Acad Sei 1974, 238: 236–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgens RB & McCaig CD. Endogenous currents in nerve repair, regeneration and development. In: Borgens R (ed.) Electric Fields in Vertebrate Repair. New York: Alan Liss Inc 1989: 77–116
   Google Scholar
• Borgens RB. Injury, ionic currents and regeneration. In: Becker R (ed.) Mechanisms of Growth Control. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas 1981: 107–36
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO, Spadaro JA & Marino AA. Clinical experiences with low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth. Clin Orthop Rel Research 1977; 124: 75–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RO. Mechanisms of Growth Control. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas 1981
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO. Electrical control systems and regenerative growth. J Bioelectricity 1982; 1: 239–64
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO. Electromagnetic controls over biological growth processes. J Bioelectricity 1984; 3: 105–18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RO. Cross Currents (1st ed.) London: Bloomsbury Publishing 1990
   Google Scholar
• Becker RO & Spadaro JA. Electrical stimulation of partial limb regeneration in mammals. Bull N Y Acad Med 1972; 48: 627–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Black J. Electrical Stimulation. Its Role in GrowthiRepair and Remodelling of the Musculoskeletal System. New York: Praeger 1987
   Google Scholar
• Dunn MG. Wound healing using collagen matrix: Effect of DC electrical stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res 1988; 22(A2 Suppl): 191–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erickson C & Nuccitelli R. Embryonic fibroblast motility and orientation can be influenced by physiological electric fields. J Cell Biol 1984; 98: 296–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross SM, Ferrier JM & Aubin JE. Studies on the alignment of fibroblasts in uniform applied electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics 1989; 10: 371–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassett C & Hermann I. The effects of electrostatic fields on macromolecular synthesis by fibroblasts in vitro. J Cell Biol 1968; 39: 9A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper MS & Schliwa M. Electrical and ionic controls of tissue cell locomotion in DC electric fields. J Neurosci Res 1985; 13: 223–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jercinovic A, Hinsenkamp M, Scarceriaux B & Willeart FCD. Effects of direct constant current (DC) on keratinocytes in-vitro. Bioelectrochem Bioenerget 1996; 39: 209–14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okihana H, Uchida A & Shimorura Y. Effects of direct current on the cultured growth of cartilage cells. In: Fukada E (ed.) Bioelectrical Repair and Growth 1985; 103–8
   Google Scholar
• Reich JD, Cazzaniga AL, Mertz PM, et al. The effect of electrical stimulation on the number of mast cells in healing wounds. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991; 25: 40–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgens RB. Stimulation of neuronal regeneration and development by steady electrical fields. Adv Neurol 1988; 47: 547–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borgens RB. Voltage gradients and ionic currents in injured and regenerating axons. Adv Neurol 1988; 47: 51–66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patel NB. Reversible inhibition of neurite growth by focal electric currents. Progr Clin Biol Res 1986; 210: 271–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pomeranz B. Effects of applied DC fields on sensory nerve sprouting and motor nerve regeneration in adult rats. Progr Clin Biol Res 1986; 210: 251–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Borgens RB, Vanable JW & Jaffe LF. Bioelectricity and regeneration: Large currents leave the stumps of regenerating newt limbs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977; 74: 4528–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisken BF. Nerve and limb regeneration. IEEE Eng Med Biol 1983; 2: 32–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu KT, Go N, Dennis C, et al. Effects of electric currents and interfacial potentials on wound healing. J Surg Res 1967; 7: 122–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konikoff JJ. Electrical promotion of soft tissue repairs. Ann Biomed Eng 1976; 4: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Politis MJ, Zanakis MF & Miller JE. Enhanced survival of full thickness skin grafts following the application of DC electrical fields. Plast Recontr Surg 1989; 84:267–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bach S, Bilgrav K, Gottrup F & Jorgensen TE. The effect of electrical current on skin incision. Eur J Surg 1991; 157: 171 —4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forrest L. Current concepts in soft connective tissue wound healing. Br J Surg 1983; 70: 133–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Im MJ, Lee WPA & Hoopes JE. Effect of electrical stimulation on survival of skin flaps in pigs. Phys Ther 1990; 70: 37–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez OM, Mertz PM, Smerbeck RV & Eaglstein WH. The healing of superficial skin wounds is stimulated by external electrical current. J Invest Dermatol 1983; 81: 144–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromberg BV. Effects of electrical currents on wound contraction. Ann Plast Surg 1988; 21: 121–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz PM, Davis SC, Cazzaniga AL, et al. Electrical stimulation—acceleration of soft tissue repair by varying the polarity. Wounds —a Compendium Clin Res Pract 1993;5: 153–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byl NN, Mckenzie AL, West JM, et al. Pulsed microamperage stimulation—A controlled study of healing of surgically induced wounds in Yucatan pigs. Phys Ther 1994; 74: 201–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolcott LE, Wheeler PC, Hardwicke HM & Rowley BA. Accelerated healing of skin ulcers by electrotherapy. South Med J 1969; 62: 795–801
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gault WR & Gatens PF. Use of low intensity direct current in management of ischaemic skin ulcers. Phys Ther 1976; 56: 265–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szuminsky NJ, Albers AC, Unger P & Eddy JG. Effect of narrow, pulsed high voltages on bacterial viability. Phys Ther 1994; 74: 660–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kincaid CB. Inhibition of bacterial growth in vitro following stimulation with high voltage, monophasic, pulsed current. Phys Ther 1989; 69: 651–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assimacopoulos D. Wound healing promotion by the use of negative electric current. Am Surg 1968; 34:423–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowley BA, McKenna JM & Wolcott LE. The use of low level electrical current for enhancement of tissue healing. Biomed Sci Instrum 1974; 10: 111–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rowley BA. Electrical enhancement of healing. Proc IEEE Nat Aerospace Electronics Conf (NAECON). Dayton, Ohio: IEEE 1985: 994–9
   Google Scholar
• Mulder GD. Treatment of open skin wounds with electric stimulation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1991; 72: 375–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feedar JA, Kloth LC & Gentzkow GD. Chronic dermal ulcer healing enhanced with monophasic pulsed electrical stimulation. Phys Ther 1991; 71: 639–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss DS, Eaglstein W & Falanga V. Exogenous electric current can reduce the formation of hypertrophic scars. f Dermatol Surg Oncol 1989; 15: 1272–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akers TK & Gabrielson AL. The effect of high voltage galvanic stimulation on the rate of healing of decubitus ulcers. Biomed Sci Instrum 1984; 20: 99–100
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kloth LC & Feedar JA. Acceleration of wound healing with high voltage, monophasic pulsed current. Phys Ther 1988; 68: 503–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefanovska A, Vodovnik L, Benko H & Turk R. Treatment of chronic wounds by means of electric and electromagnetic fields: Part 2: Value of FES parameters for pressure sore treatment. Med Biol Eng Comput 1993; 31: 213–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourguignon GJ & Bourguignon LY. Electric stimulation of protein and DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. FASEB J 1987; 1: 398–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg T, Kiartansson J & Samuelsson U. Effect of electrical nerve stimulation on healing of ischaemic skin flaps. Lancet 1988 (Sept 24): 712–4
   Google Scholar