120
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

LATE PREHISTORIC AND PROTOHISTORIC SHELL GORGETS FROM SOUTHWESTERN NORTH CAROLINA

Pages 33-56 | Published online: 30 Jan 2015

References Cited

  • Anderson, David G. 1994 The Savannah River Chiefdoms: Political Change in the Late Prehistoric Southeast. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Beck, Robin A., Jr. 1997 From Joara to Chiaha: Spanish Exploration of the Appalachian Summit Area, 1540–1568. Southeastern Archaeology 16:162–169.
  • Boudreaux, E. Anthony, III. 2007 The Archaeology of Town Creek. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Bowne, Eric E. 2005 The Westo Indians: Slave Traders of the Early Colonial South. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Brain, Jeffrey P., and Philip Phillips 1996 Shell Gorgets: Styles of the Late Prehistoric and Protohis- toric Southeast. Peabody Museum Press, Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
  • Braund, and Kathryn E. Holland 2008 Deerskins and Duffels: The Creek Indian Trade with Anglo-America, 1685–1815. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Brose, David S. 1989 From the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex to the Southern Cult: “You Can’t Tell the Players Without aProgram. ” In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 17–27. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Brown, James A. 1976 The Southern Cult Reconsidered. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1:115–135.
  • Brown, James A. 1985 The Mississippian Period. In Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians, edited by Davis S. Brose, James Brown, and David W. Penney, pp. 93–145. Harry Abrams, New York.
  • Brown, James A. 1989 On Style Divisions of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: A Revisionist Perspective. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 183–204. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Brown, James A. 2002 Forty Years of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. In Histories of Southeastern Archaeology, edited by Shannon Tushingham, Jane Hill, and Charles McNutt, pp. 26–34. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Brown, James A. 2004 Cahokian Expression: Creating Court and Cult. In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard F. Townsend, pp. 104–123. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Brown, James A. 2007a Chronological Implications of the Bellows-Shaped Apron. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 38–56. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Brown, James A. 2007b On the Identity of the Birdman within Mississippian Period Art and Iconography. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 56–106. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Brown, James A. 2007c Sequencing the Braden Style within Mississippian Period Art and Iconography. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 213–245. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Cable, John, Lisa O’Steen, Leslie E. Raymer, Johannes H. N. Loubser, David S. Leigh, J. W. Joseph, Mary Beth Reed, Lotta Danielsson-Murphy, Undine McEvoy, Thaddeus Murphy, Mary Theresa Bonhage-Freund, and Deborah Wallsmith 1997 “A Picture Unsurpassed”: Prehistoric and Historic Indian Settlement and Landscape, Brasstown Valley, Towns County, Georgia. New South Associates, Inc., Stone Mountain, GA, Submitted to the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Atlanta.
  • Chapman, Jefferson 2009 Tellico Archaeology: Tracing Timberlake’s Footsteps. In Culture, Crisis, and Conflict: Cherokee British Relations, 1756–1765, edited by Anne F. Rogers and Barbara R. Duncan, pp. 45–61. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, NC.
  • Chapman, Jefferson, and Bennie C. Keel 1979 Candy Creek-Connestee Components in Eastern Tennessee and Western North Carolina and Their Relationship with Adena-Hopewell. In Hopewell Archaeology: The Chillicothe Conference, edited by David S. Brose and N’omi Greber, pp. 150–161. Kent State University Press, Kent, OH.
  • Coe, Joffre Lanning 1995 Town Creek Indian Mound: A Native American Legacy. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Crane, Verner W. 2004 The Southern Frontier, 1670–1732. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Davis, R. P. Stephen, Jr., Patricia M. Lambert, Vincas P. Steponaitis, Clark Spencer Larsen, and H. Trawick Ward 1996 NAGPRA Inventory of the North Carolina Archaeological Collection. Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
  • Dickens, Roy S., Jr. 1976 Cherokee Prehistory: The Pisgah Phase in the Appalachian Summit. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Dickens, Roy S., Jr. 1978 Mississippian Settlement Patterns in the Appalachian Summit Area: The Pisgah and Qualla Phases. In Mississippian Settlement Patterns, edited by Bruce D. Smith, pp. 115–139. Academic Press, New York.
  • Dickens, Roy S., Jr. 1979 The Origins and Development of Cherokee Culture. In The Cherokee Indian Nation: A Troubled History, edited by Duane H. King, pp. 3–32. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Dickens, Roy S., Jr. 1986 An Evolutionary-Ecological Interpretation of Cherokee Cultural Development. In The Conference on Cherokee Prehistory, and David G. Moore 1986 81–94. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC.
  • Duncan, Barbara R., and Brett H. Riggs 2003 Cherokee Heritage Trails Guidebook. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Dye, David H. 2004 Art, Ritual, and Chiefly Warfare in the Mississippian World. In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard F. Townsend, pp. 190–205. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Dye, David H. 2007 Ritual, Medicine, and the War Trophy Iconographic Theme in the Mississippian Southeast. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 152–173. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Eastman, Jane M. 2001 Life Courses and Gender Among Late Prehistoric Siouan Communities. In Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, edited by Jane M. Eastman and Christopher B. Rodning, pp. 57–76. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Eastman, Jane M. 2002 Mortuary Analyses and Gender: The Response of Siouan Peoples to European Contact. In Archaeology of Native North Carolina: Papers in Honor of H. Trawick Ward, edited by Jane M. Eastman, Christopher B. Rodning, and E. Anthony Boudreaux, III., pp. 46–56. Special Publication 7. Southeastern Archaeological Conference, Biloxi, MS.
  • Emerson, Thomas E. 1989 Water, Serpents, and the Underworld: An Exploration into Cahokian Symbolism. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 45–92. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Ethridge, Robbie 2010 From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540–1715. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Gallay, Alan 2002 The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670–1717. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Gearing, Frederick O. 1958 The Structural Poses of Eighteenth Century Cherokee Villages. American Anthropologist 60:1148–1157.
  • Gearing, Frederick O. 1962 Priests and Warriors: Structures for Cherokee Politics in the Eighteenth Century. Memoir 93. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC.
  • Gilbert, William H., Jr. 1937 Eastern Cherokee Social Organization. In Social Anthropology of the North American Tribes, edited by Fred Eggan, pp. 285–338. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Gilbert, William H., Jr. 1943 The Eastern Cherokees. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 133:169–413. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Goodwin, Gary C. 1977 Cherokees in Transition: A Study of Changing Culture and Environment Prior to 1775. Research Paper 181. Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
  • Greene, Lance K. 1999 The Archaeology and History of the Cherokee Out Towns. Volumes in Historical Archaeology 40. South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Columbia.
  • Hahn, Steven C. 2002 The Mother of Necessity: Carolina, the Creek Indians, and the Making of a New Order in the American Southeast, 1670–1763. In The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540–1760, edited by Robbie Ethridge and Charles Hudson, pp. 79–114. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson.
  • Hahn, Steven C. 2004 Invention of the Creek Nation, 1670–1763. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Hall, Robert L. 1989 The Cultural Background of Mississippian Symbolism. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 239–278. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Hall, Robert L. 1997 An Archaeology of the Soul: North American Indian Belief and Ritual. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
  • Hally, David J. 1986 The Cherokee Archaeology of Georgia. In The Conference on Cherokee Prehistory, , and David G. Moore 1986 95–121. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC.
  • Hally, David J. 1994 The Chiefdom of Coosa. In The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704, edited by Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, pp. 227–253. University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Hally, David J. 2004 Mortuary Patterns at a Sixteenth-Century Town in Northwestern Georgia. Southeastern Archaeology 23:166–177.
  • Hally, David J. 2007 Mississippian Shell Gorgets in Regional Perspective. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 185–231. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Hally, David J. 2008 King: The Social Archaeology of a Late Mississippian Town in Northwestern Georgia. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Hatch, James W. 1987 Mortuary Indicators of Organizational Variability Among Late Prehistoric Chiefdoms in the Southeastern U.S. Interior. In Chiefdoms in the Americas, edited by Robert D. Drennan and Carlos A. Uribe, pp. 9–18. University Press of America, Lanham, MD.
  • Hatley, Tom 1989 The Three Lives of Keowee: Loss and Recovery in Eighteenth-Century Cherokee Villages. In Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, edited by Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, pp. 223–248. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Hatley, Tom 1993 The Dividing Paths: Cherokees and South Carolinians Through the Era of Revolution. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Hatley, Tom 2006 Cherokee Women Farmers Hold Their Ground. In Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, rev. and exp. ed., edited by Gregory A. Waselkov, Peter H. Wood, and Tom Hatley, pp. 305–335. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Hatley, Tom 2009 An Epitaph for Henry Timberlake and the First Cherokee and American “Greatest” Generation. In Culture, Crisis, and Conflict: Cherokee British Relations, 1756–1765, edited by Anne F. Rogers and Barbara R. Duncan, pp. 19–33. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, NC.
  • Heye, George G. 1919 Certain Mounds in Haywood County, North Carolina. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian 5(3): 35–43. Heye Foundation, New York.
  • Heye, George G., Frederick W. Hodge, and George H. Pepper 1918 The Nacoochee Mound in Georgia. Contributions from the Museum of the American Indian 4(3): 1–103. Heye Foundation, New York.
  • Hudson, Charles M. 1976 The Southeastern Indians. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Hudson, Charles M. 1986 Some Thoughts on the Early Social History of the Cherokees. In The Conference on Cherokee Prehistory, , and David G. Moore 1986 139–153. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC.
  • Hudson, Charles M. 1997 Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South’s Ancient Chiefdoms. University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Hudson, Charles M. 2002 Introduction. In The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540–1760, edited by Robbie Ethridge and Charles Hudson, pp. xi-xxxix. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Hudson, Charles M. 2005 The Juan Pardo Expeditions: Explorations of the Carolinas and Tennessee, 1566–1568. Rev. ed. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Hudson, Charles, Marvin T. Smith, David J. Hally, Richard Polhemus, and Chester B. DePratter 1985 Coosa: A Chiefdom in the Sixteenth-Century American Southeast. American Antiquity 50:723–737.
  • Keel, Bennie C. 1976 Cherokee Archaeology: A Study of the Appalachian Summit. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Keel, Bennie C. 1998 Garden Creek Site. In Archaeology of North America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Guy E. Gibbon and Kenneth M. Ames, pp. 311–312. Garland, New York.
  • Keel, Bennie C. 2007 The Ravensford Tract Archaeological Project. National Park Service, Southeastern Archeological Center, Tallahassee, Florida.
  • Keel, Bennie C., Brian J. Egloff, and Keith T. Egloff 2002 Reflections on the Coweeta Creek Mound and the Cherokee Project. Southeastern Archaeology 21:49–53.
  • Kelly, John E., James A. Brown, Jenna M. Hamlin, Lucretia S. Kelly, Laura Kozuch, Kathryn Parker, and Julieann Van Nest 2007 Mound 34: The Context for the Early Evidence of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex at Cahokia. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 57–87. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Kimball, Larry R., Thomas R. Whyte, and Gary D. Crites 2010 The Biltmore Mound and Hopewellian Mound Use in the Southern Appalachians. Southeastern Archaeology 29: 44–58.
  • King, Adam 1999 De Soto’s Itaba and the Nature of Sixteenth Century Paramount Chiefdoms. Southeastern Archaeology 18:110–123.
  • King, Adam 2001 Long-Term Histories of Mississippian Centers: The Developmental Sequence of Etowah and Its Comparison to Moundville and Cahokia. Southeastern Archaeology 20: 1–17.
  • King, Adam 2003a Etowah: The Political History of a Chiefdom Capital. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • King, Adam 2003b Over a Century of Explorations at Etowah. Journal of Archaeological Research 11:279–306.
  • King, Adam 2004a Mortuary Patterns at a Sixteenth-Century Town in Northwestern Georgia. Southeastern Archaeology 23:166–177.
  • King, Adam 2004b Power and the Sacred: Mound C and the Etowah Chiefdom. In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard F. Townsend, pp. 150–165. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • King, Adam 2007a The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: From Cult to Complex. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 1–14. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • King, Adam 2007b Mound C and the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in the History of the Etowah Site. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 107–133. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • King, Adam 2007c Whither SECC? In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 251–258. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • King, Adam 2011 Iconography of the Hightower Region of Eastern Tennessee and Northern Georgia. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. 279–293. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • King, Adam, and F. Kent Reilly, III. 2011 Raptor Imagery at Etowah: The Raptor is the Path to Power. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. 313–320. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • King, Duane H. 2009 Mysteries of the Emissaries of Peace: The Story behind the Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake. In Culture, Crisis, and Conflict: Cherokee British Relations, 1756–1765, edited by Anne F. Rogers and Barbara R. Duncan, pp. 139–163. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, NC.
  • Kneberg, Madeline D. 1959 Engraved Shell Gorgets and Their Associations. Tennessee Archaeologist 5:1–39.
  • Knight, Vernon J., Jr. 1986 The Institutional Organization of Mississippian Religion. American Antiquity 51:675–687.
  • Knight, Vernon J., Jr. 1989 Some Speculations on Mississippian Monsters. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 205–210. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Knight, Vernon J., Jr. 2006 Symbolism of Mississippian Mounds. In Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, edited by Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley, pp. 421–434. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Knight, Vernon J., Jr., James A. Brown, and George E. Lankford 2001 On the Subject Matter of Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Art. Southeastern Archaeology 20:129–141.
  • Knight, Vernon J., Jr., and Vincas P. Steponaitis 2011 A Redefinition of the Hemphill Style in Mississippian Art. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. 201–239. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Koerner, Shannon D., Lynne P. Sullivan, and Bobby R. Braly 2011 A Reassessment of the Chronology of Mound A at Toqua. Southeastern Archaeology 30:134–147.
  • Lankford, George E. 2007a Some Cosmological Motifs in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 8–38. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Lankford, George E. 2007b The Great Serpent in Eastern North America. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 107–135. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Lankford, George E. 2007c The “Path of Souls”: Some Death Imagery in the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 174–212. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Lankford, George E. 2008 Looking for Lost Lore: Studies in Folklore, Ethnology, and Iconography. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Lankford, George E. 2011a Regional Approaches to Iconographic Art. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. 3–17. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Lankford, George E. 2011b The Swirl-Cross and the Center. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. 251–275. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Lankford, George E. (editor) 1987 Native American Legends: Southeastern Legends—Tales from the Natchez, Caddo, Biloxi, Chickasaw, and Other Nations. August House, Little Rock, AR.
  • Larson, Lewis H., Jr. 1989 The Etowah Site. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 133–141. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Marceaux, Shawn, and David H. Dye 2007 Hightower Anthropomorphic Marine Shell Gorgets and Duck River Sword-Form Flint Bifaces: Middle Mississippian Ritual Regalia in the Southern Appalachians. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 165–184. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Marcoux, Jon Bernard 2010 Pox, Empire, Shackles, and Hides: The Townsend Site, 1670–1715. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Martin, Joel W. 1994 Southeastern Indians and the English Trade in Skins and Slaves. In The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704, edited by Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, pp. 304–324. University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Meyers, Maureen S. 2002 The Mississippian Frontier in Southwestern Virginia. Southeastern Archaeology 21:178–191.
  • Mooney, James 1891 The Sacred Formulas of the Cherokees. Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report 7:301–397. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Mooney, James 1900 Myths of the Cherokee. Bureau of American Ethnology Annual Report 19:3–576. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Moore, David G. 2002a Catawba Valley Mississippian: Ceramics, Chronology, and Catawba Indians. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Moore, David G. 2002b Pisgah Phase Village Evolution at the Warren Wilson Site. In Archaeology of Native North Carolina: Papers in Honor of H. Trawick Ward, edited by Jane M. Eastman, Christopher B. Rodning, and E. Anthony Boudreaux, III., pp. 76–83. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Special Publication 7, Biloxi, MS.
  • Muller, Jon 1966 Archaeological Analysis of Art Styles. Tennessee Archaeologist 22:25–39.
  • Muller, Jon 1989 The Southern Cult. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 11–26. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Muller, Jon 1997a Mississippian Political Economy. Plenum Press, New York.
  • Muller, Jon 1997b Review of Shell Gorgets: Styles of the Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Southeast, by Jeffrey P. Brain and Philip Phillips. Southeastern Archaeology 16:176–178.
  • Muller, Jon 2007 Prolegomena for the Analysis of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 15–37. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Olbrechts, Frans M. (editor) 1932 The Swimmer Manuscript: Cherokee Sacred Formulas and Medicinal Prescriptions. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 99. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Penney, David W. 1985 Continuities of Imagery and Symbolism in the Art of the Woodlands. In Ancient Art of the American Woodland Indians, edited by David S. Brose, James A. Brown, and David W. Penney, pp. 146–198. Harry Abrams, New York.
  • Polhemus, Richard R. 1990 Dallas Phase Architecture and Sociopolitical Structure. In Lamar Archaeology: Mississippian Chiefdoms in the Deep South, edited by Mark Williams and Gary Shapiro, pp. 125–138. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Polhemus, Richard R. (editor) 1987 The Toqua Site: A Late Mississippian Dallas Phase Town. University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology Report of Investigations 41, Knoxville.
  • Power, Susan C. 2004 Early Art of the Southeastern Indians: Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings. University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Power, Susan C. 2007 Art of the Cherokee: Prehistory to the Present. University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Purrington, Burton L. 1983 Ancient Mountaineers: An Overview of the Prehistoric Archaeology of North Carolina’s Western Mountain Region. In The Prehistory of North Carolina: An Archaeological Symposium, edited by Mark A. Mathis and Jeffrey R. Crow, pp. 83–160. North Carolina Division of Archives and History, Raleigh.
  • Reilly, F. Kent, III. 2004 People of Earth, People of Sky: Visualizing the Sacred in Native American Art of the Mississippian Period. In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard F. Townsend, pp. 124–137. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Reilly, F. Kent, III. 2007 The Petaloid Motif: A Celestial Symbolic Locative in the Shell Art of Spiro. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 39–55. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Reilly, F. Kent, III., and James F. Garber 2007 Introduction. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. 1–7. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Reilly, F. Kent, III., and James F. Garber 2011 Dancing in the Otherworld: The Human Figural Art of the Hightower Style Revisited. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. 294–312. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Reilly, F. Kent, III., James F. Garber, and George E. Lankford 2011a Introduction. In Visualizing the Sacred: Cosmic Visions, Regionalism, and the Art of the Mississippian World, edited by George E. Lankford, F. Kent Reilly, III., and James F. Garber, pp. xi-xviii. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Riggs, Brett H. 2008 A Synthesis of Documentary and Archaeological Evidence for Early Eighteenth Century Cherokee Villages and Structures: Data for the Reconstruction of the Tsa-La-Gi Ancient Village, Cherokee Heritage Center, Park Hill, Oklahoma. Report on file at the Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
  • Riggs, Brett H. 2012 Reconsidering Chestowee: The 1713 Raid in Regional Perspective. In Yuchi Indian Histories Before the Removal Era, edited by Jason Baird Jackson. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, in press.
  • Riggs, Brett H., and Christopher B. Rodning 2002 Cherokee Ceramic Traditions of Southwestern North Carolina, ca. 1400–2002: A Preface to “The Last of the Iroquois Potters.” North Carolina Archaeology 51:34–54.
  • Riggs, Brett H., and M. Scott Shumate 2003 Archaeological Testing at Kituwha: 2001 Investigations at 31SW1,31SW2,31SW287,31SW316,31SW317,31SW318, and 31SW320. Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and Appalachian State University Laboratories of Archaeological Science, Boone, NC, Submitted to the Office of Cultural Resources, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Cherokee, NC.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2001a Mortuary Ritual and Gender Ideology in Protohistoric Southwestern North Carolina. In Archaeological Studies of Gender in the Southeastern United States, edited by Jane M. Eastman and Christopher B. Rodning, pp. 77–100. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2001b Architecture and Landscape in Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Western North Carolina. In Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands, edited by Lynne P. Sullivan and Susan C. Prezzano, pp. 238–249. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2002a The Townhouse at Coweeta Creek. Southeastern Archaeology 21:10–20.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2002b Reconstructing the Coalescence of Cherokee Communities in Southern Appalachia. In The Transformations of the Southeastern Indians, 1540–1760, edited by Robbie Ethridge and Charles Hudson, pp. 155–175. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2007 Building and Rebuilding Cherokee Houses and Town- houses in Southwestern North Carolina. In The Durable House: House Society Models in Archaeology, edited by Robin A. Beck, Jr., pp. 464–484. Southern Illinois University, Center for Archaeological Investigations Occasional Paper 35, Carbondale.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2008 Temporal Variation in Qualla Pottery at Coweeta Creek. North Carolina Archaeology 57:1–49.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2009a Mounds, Myths, and Cherokee Townhouses in Southwestern North Carolina. American Antiquity 74: 627–663.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2009b Domestic Houses at Coweeta Creek. Southeastern Archaeology 28:1–26.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2010a Architectural Symbolism and Cherokee Townhouses. Southeastern Archaeology 29:59–79.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2010b European Trade Goods at Cherokee Settlements in Southwestern North Carolina. North Carolina Archaeology 59:1–84.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2011a Mortuary Practices, Gender Ideology, and the Cherokee Town at the Coweeta Creek Site. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30:145–173.
  • Rodning, Christopher B. 2011b Cherokee Townhouses: Architectural Adaptation to European Contact in the Southern Appalachians. North American Archaeologist 32:131–190.
  • Rodning, Christopher B., and David G. Moore 2010 South Appalachian Mississippian and Protohistoric Mortuary Practices in Southwestern North Carolina. Southeastern Archaeology 29:80–100.
  • Rodning, Christopher B., and Amber M. VanDerwarker 2002 Revisiting Coweeta Creek: Reconstructing Ancient Cherokee Lifeways in Southwestern North Carolina. Southeastern Archaeology 21:1–9.
  • Rogers, Anne F. 2009 Archaeology at Cherokee Town Sites Visited by the Montgomery and Grant Expeditions. In Culture, Crisis, and Conflict: Cherokee British Relations, 1756–1765, edited by Anne F. Rogers and Barbara R. Duncan, pp. 34–44. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, NC.
  • Rudolph, James L. 1984 Earthlodges and Platform Mounds: Changing Public Architecture in the Southeastern United States. Southeastern Archaeology 3:33–45.
  • Scarry, John F. 2007 Connections Between the Etowah and Lake Jackson Chiefdoms: Patterns in the Iconographic and Material Evidence. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 134–150. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. 1978 Louis-Philippe’s Journal and Archaeological Investigations at the Overhill Town of Toqua. Journal of Cherokee Studies 3:206–220.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. 1986a Toward an Explanation of Cherokee Origins in East Tennessee. In The Conference on Cherokee Prehistory, , and David G. Moore 1986a 122–138. Warren Wilson College, Swannanoa, NC.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. 1998 Mississippian Towns in the Eastern Tennessee Valley. In Mississippian Towns and Sacred Spaces: Searching for an Architectural Grammar, edited by R. Barry Lewis and Charles Stout, pp. 64–92. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. 2000 Cherokee Ethnohistory and Archaeology from 1540 to 1838. In Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Bonnie G. McEwan, pp. 204–241. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. 2001 Cherokee Archaeology Since the 1970s. In Archaeology of the Appalachian Highlands, edited by Lynne P. Sullivan and Susan C. Prezzano, pp. 278–297. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. 2009 Overhill Cherokee Archaeology and Village Organization. In Culture, Crisis, and Conflict: Cherokee British Relations, 1756–1765, edited by Anne F. Rogers and Barbara R. Duncan, pp. 62–82. Museum of the Cherokee Indian Press, Cherokee, NC.
  • Schroedl, Gerald F. (editor) 1986b Overhill Cherokee Archaeology at Chota-Tanasee. Report of Investigations 38. Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.
  • Setzler, Frank M., and Jesse D. Jennings 1941 Peachtree Mound and Village Site, Cherokee County, North Carolina. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 131. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
  • Shumate, M. Scott, Brett H. Riggs, and Larry R. Kimball 2005 The Alarka Farmstead Site: The Archaeology of a Mid Seventeenth Century Cherokee Winter House/Summer House Complex. Appalachian State University Laboratories of Archaeological Science, Boone, NC, and Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Submitted to the United States Forest Service, National Forests in North Carolina, Asheville.
  • Smith, Betty Anderson 1979 Distribution of Eighteenth-Century Cherokee Settlements. In The Cherokee Indian Nation: A Troubled History, edited by Duane H. King, pp. 46–60. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 1987 Archaeology of Aboriginal Culture Change in the Interior Southeast: Depopulation During the Early Historic Period. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 1989a Early Historic Period Vestiges of the Southern Cult. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 142–146. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 1989b Indian Responses to European Contact: The Coosa Example. In First Encounters, Spanish Explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492–1570, edited by Jerald T. Milanich and Susan Milbrath, pp. 135–149. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 1994 Aboriginal Depopulation in the Prehistoric Southeast. In The Forgotten Centuries: Indians and Europeans in the American South, 1521–1704, edited by Charles Hudson and Carmen Chaves Tesser, pp. 257–275. University of Georgia Press, Athens.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 2000 Coosa: The Rise and Fall of a Southeastern Mississippian Chiefdom. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 2002 Aboriginal Population Movements in the Postcontact Southeast. In The Transformation of the Southeastern Indians, 1540–1760, edited by Robbie Ethridge and Charles Hudson, pp. 39–64. University Press of Mississippi, Jackson.
  • Smith, Marvin T. 2006 Aboriginal Population Movements in the Interior Southeast. In Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, rev. and exp. ed., edited by Gregory A. Waselkov, Peter H. Wood, and Tom Hatley, pp. 43–56. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Smith, Marvin T., and Julie Barnes Smith 1989 Engraved Shell Masks in North America. Southeastern Archaeology 8:9–18.
  • Steponaitis, Vincas P. 2007 Foreword. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms: Interpretations of Mississippian Iconography, edited by F. Kent Reilly, III. and James F. Garber, pp. ix-x. University of Texas Press, Austin.
  • Steponaitis, Vincas P., and Vernon J. Knight, Jr. 2004 Moundville Art in Historical and Social Context. In Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand: American Indian Art of the Ancient Midwest and South, edited by Richard F. Townsend, pp. 166–181. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Strong, John A. 1989 The Mississippian Bird-Man Theme in Cross-Cultural Perspective. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Artifacts and Analysis, edited by Patricia Galloway, pp. 211–238. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Sullivan, Lynne P. 2007 Shell Gorgets, Time, and the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex in Southeastern Tennessee. In Southeastern Ceremonial Complex: Chronology, Content, Context, edited by Adam King, pp. 88–106. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.
  • Walthall, John A. 1985 Early Hopewellian Ceremonial Encampments in the South Appalachian Highlands. In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Joffre Lanning Coe, edited by Roy S. Dickens, Jr. and H. Trawick Ward, pp. 243–262. University of Alabama Press, University.
  • Ward, H. Trawick 1985 Social Implications of Storage and Disposal Patterns. In Structure and Process in Southeastern Archaeology: Essays in Honor of Joffre Lanning Coe, edited by Roy S. Dickens, Jr. and H. Trawick Ward, pp. 82–101. University of Alabama Press, University.
  • Ward, H. Trawick 1998 Warren Wilson Site. In Archaeology of North America: An Encyclopedia, edited by Guy E. Gibbon and Kenneth M. Ames, pp. 871–872. Garland, New York.
  • Ward, H. Trawick, and R. P. Stephen Davis, Jr. 1999 Time Before History: The Archaeology of North Carolina. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill.
  • Waselkov, Gregory A. 1989 Seventeenth-Century Trade in the Colonial Southeast. Southeastern Archaeology 8:117–133.
  • Waselkov, Gregory A. 2006 Indian Maps of the Colonial Southeast. In Powhatan’s Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, rev. and exp. ed., edited by Gregory A. Waselkov, Peter H. Wood, and Tom Hatley, pp. 435–502. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Webb, Paul A. 2002 Cultural and Historical Resource Investigations of the Ravensford Land Exchange Tract, Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Swain County, North Carolina. TRC Garrow Associates, Inc., Durham, NC, Submitted to the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, Cherokee, NC.
  • Wesson, Cameron B. 2008 Households and Hegemony: Early Creek Prestige Goods, Symbolic Capital and Social Power. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.
  • Wilson, Gregory D., and Christopher B. Rodning 2002 Boiling, Baking, and Pottery Breaking: A Functional Analysis of Ceramic Vessels from Coweeta Creek. Southeastern Archaeology 21:29–35.
  • Woodall, J. Ned 1999 Mississippian Expansion on the Eastern Frontier: One Strategy in the North Carolina Piedmont. Archaeology of Eastern North America 27:55–70.
  • Woodall, J. Ned 2009 The T. Jones Site: Ecology and Agency in the Upper Yadkin Valley of North Carolina. North Carolina Archaeology 58:1–58.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.