Institutional Racism within the Print Media: A Content Analysis of <i>Sports Illustrated's</i> Media Coverage of Black NFL Head Coaches

References

• Ashley, L., & Olson, B. (1998). Constructing reality: Print media’s framing of the women’s movement, 1966 to 1986. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 75, 263–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantimaroudis, P., & Ban, H. (2001 ). Covering the crisis in Somalia: Framing choices by the New York Times and the Manchester Guardian (pp. 175–184 ). In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds). Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, W. L., & Entman, R. (Eds.) (2001 ). Mediated politics—Communcia- tion in the future of democracy. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge Univerisity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Braddock, J. (1981). Race and leadership in professional sports: A study of institutional discrimination in the National Football League. Arena Review 5, 16–25
   Google Scholar
• Burns, C. (1988 ) Position occupancy patterns as a function of race: The NFL draft, 1968 to 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Carmichael, S., & Hamilton, C. (1967) Black power: The politics of liberation in America. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Chalk, O. (1975). Pioneers of Black sport. New York: Dodd, Mead.
   Google Scholar
• Condor, R., & Anderson, D. (1984). Longitudinal analysis of coverage accorded Black and White athletes in feature articles of Sports Illustrated (1960–1980). Journal of Sport Behavior 7, 39-43.
   Google Scholar
• Eitzen, D.S., & Sanford, D. (1975). The segregation of Blacks by playing position in football: Accident or design. Social Science Quarterly 55, 948–959.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goheen, K. (August 2003 ). Coach program helps minorities. Cincinnati Post. Retrieved 5/4/06 at http://www.cincypost.com/bengals/2003/beng08–08-2003.html.
   Google Scholar
• Green, T. (1999 ). NFL drops the ball on Black coaches. Guardsman. Retrieved 5/4/06 at http://www.ccsf.edu/Events_Pubs/Guardsman/s990222/sp02.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Hertog J. K., & McLeod, D. M. (2001). A multiperspectival approach to framing analysis: A field guide. In S. D. Reese (Eds). Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp.139- 161). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Lapchick, R. (2006 ). Change Coming? Diversity in the newsroom. Orlanda Sentinel. Retrieved 7/22/06 at http://www.ncasports.org/articles.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Levy, A. (2003). Tackling Jim Crow: Racial segregation in professional football. Jefferson, NC: McFarland.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (1989 ). The Official NFL 1989 Record and Fact Book. New York: Workman.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (1999). The Official NFL 1999 Record and Fact Book. New York: Workman.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (2000). The Official NFL 2000 Record and Fact Book. New York: Workman.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (2001). The Official NFL 2001 Record and Fact Book. New York: Workman.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (2002). The Official NFL 2002 Record and Fact Book. New York: Workman.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (2003). The Official 2003 NFL Record and Fact Book (Vol. 84). New York: Workman.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, R., & Marini, M. (Eds.). (2004 ). 2004 NFL Record & Fact Book (Vol. 85). New York: Time.
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin, A., & Williams, L. (1991). An analysis of Sports Illustrated feature articles, 1954–1987. Sociology of Sport Journal 8, 16-37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madden, J. (2004). Differences in the success of NFL coaches by race, 1990–2002: Evidence of last hire, first fire. Journal of Sports Economics 5, 6-19.
   Google Scholar
• McCurdy, J. (1983) Counseling athletes on their careers after their glory days are over. Chronicle of Higher Education, 27, 23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Messaris, P., & Abraham, L. (2001). The role of images in framing news stories. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds). Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world (pp. 215–226). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Murrell, A.J. (1994). Causal attributions of performance for black and white quarterbacks in the NFL: A look at the sports pages. Journal of Sport and Social Issues 18, 224–233.
   Google Scholar
• Reese, S., Gandy, O., & Grant, A. (2001). Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. London: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ross, C. K. (1999). Outside the lines: African Americans and the integration of the National Football League. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, J., & Eitzen, D.S. (1979). Racial discrimination in American sport: Continuity or change? Journal of Sport Behavior 2, 136–142.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, J. J. (2003). Counseling in schools: Essential services and comprehensive programs (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Shropshire, K. (1996). In Black and White: Race and sports in America. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T.G. (1988). “Outside the pale: The exclusion of Blacks from the National Football League 1934–1946.” Journal of Sport History, 15 (3).
   Google Scholar
• Sotirovic, M. (2000). Effects of media use on audience framing and support for welfare. Mass Communication and Society, 3, 269–296.
   Google Scholar
• Starr, M. (August 2005 ). The Race Penalty. Newsweek Society. Retrieved 4/05/6 at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9075062/site/newsweek.
   Google Scholar
• Tankard, J., Hendrickson, L., Silberman, J., Bliss, K., & Ghanem, S. (1991). Media frames: Approaches to conceptualization and measurement. Paper presented to AEJMC, Boston.
   Google Scholar