Advanced search
Publication Cover
Journal for the Study of Sports and Athletes in Education Volume 3, 2009 - Issue 2
Submit an article Journal homepage
23
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original

"Ethnic Considerations in Athletics"

Maureen Smith
Pages 159-179 | Published online: 29 Nov 2013

Works Cited

  • “3 SSC Negro Cagers Quit Club 2nd Time; Coach Makes It Final,” (1969, November 19). Sacramento Bee, p. D1.
  • Ad Hoc Athletic Grievance Panel Committee. (n.d.). Report of the Ad Hoc Athletic Grievance Panel Committee. CSUS Archives.
  • Ad Hoc Athletic Grievance Panel Committee. (1970, November 25). Memo to President Hyink. CSUS Archives.
  • Ahern, T. (1968a, January 12). “New A.D. Who Knows,” State Hornet, p. 6.
  • Ahern, T. (1968b, October 4). “Some Impressions of Cleaver,” State Hornet, p. 5.
  • Announcement of Desmond Committee. (1970, January 6). Press Release. CSUS Archives.
  • “ASSSC To Withhold Funds For Athletics,” (1969 November 1). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “‘Athletics’ Committee Member Apologizes To Department, Black Players and ASSSC.” (1970, January 13). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Austin, J. (1969, December 3). “Butz Dismisses Rousey, Lewis As Part of P.E. Reorganization,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Austin, J. (1970, May 20). “Ineligibility Causes Football Suspension,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Barney, G.R. (1969, May 7). “Commentary—What is a Black Man?” State Hornet, p. 2.
  • Black, W. (1969, November 21). Memo to Otto Butz. Subject—Special Committee to Investigate Charges of Discrimination in the Intercollegiate Athletic Department, CSUS Archives.
  • Black, W. (1970, January 12). Memo to Ray Clemons, Subject — Player Demands, CSUS Archives.
  • “Black Athletes Air Grievances Concerning Athletic Program,” (1969, November 21). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Black Athletes Walkout at Sacto State College,” (1969, November 20). Sacramento Observer, p. 29.
  • “Black–Clemons Meeting Postponed.” (1970, January 16). State Hornet, volume 22, no. 43, p. 1.
  • “Black Requests Meeting With Clemons, Staff, Team.” (1970, January 14). State Hornet, volume 22, no. 42, p. 1.
  • Brann, J. (1967, November 6). “San Jose: The Bullhorn Message,” The Nation, p. 466.
  • Bunk, S. (1968, October 15). “Symposium Rebuttal With Few Listeners,” State Hornet, p. 7.
  • Burns, S. (1969, March 26). “Commentary — Racial Confab: Just Going Thru The Motions,” State Hornet, p. 2.
  • Burns, S. (1970, December 4). “Discrimination Report—Stringent Action Urged to Cure Racial Problems,” State Hornet, pp. 1, 3.
  • Butz, O. (1969a, September 9). Memo to Members of Division of HPER and Dept. of Athletics; Subject — Scheduled Study of the Division and Department. CSUS Archives.
  • Butz, O. (1969b, November 21). Memo from Otto Butz to Press—Appoint- ment of Special Committee to Investigate Charges of Discrimination in the Intercollegiate Athletic Department, CSUS Archives.
  • Butz, O. (1970a, January 6). Subject—Charge to the Off-Campus Study Group of Intercollegiate Athletics. CSUS Archives.
  • Butz, O. (1970b, February 23). Memorandum to HPER and Intercollegiate Athletics Faculty. Subject — Mrak-Greer-Desmond Committee taking testimony. CSUS Archives.
  • “Butz Denies That He is Anti-Athletic,” (1970, January 9). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Butz Overturns SSC Ruling,” (1969, December 28). Sacramento Union, pp. D1, D2.
  • “Butz Picks Committee to Study PE Dept,” (1969, September 23). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Clemons, R. (1971, May 20). Letter to Robert Good and Addison Somerville, Subject — Seminar for Intercollegiate Athletic Coaches, CSUS Archives.
  • Conlin, B. (1969, December 29). “A Pro Sums Up Coach Clemons,” Sacramento Union, pp. D1, D2.
  • Conlin, B. (1970, January 5). “7,000 On Line For SSC Pair,” Sacramento Union, pp. C1, C3.
  • Demas, C. (1968, October 4). “Low Key Approach — Psychiatrist Wins Audience,” State Hornet, p. 5.
  • Demas, C. (1970, January 13). “Colston Believes First Committee Results Valid” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Desmond, L.N. (1969, December 30). Letter to Otto Butz, CSUS Archives.
  • Desmond, L.N., Mrak, E., & Greer, D. (1970 ). Desmond Committee Intercollegiate Athletics Report, Draft. CSUS Archives.
  • “Dr. Canson Appointed Director of Ethnic Studies,” (1969, July 23). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Dr. Hyink New SSC President,” (1970, February 27). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Dumke, G.S. (1970, August 26). Letter to Louis N. Desmond, August 26, 1970. CSUS Archives.
  • “Editorial—ASSSC Stops Funds Over Controversy,” (1969, November 21). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Editorial—Athletics Probe Should Be Widened,” (1969, September 23). State Hornet, p. 2.
  • “Editorial—Black is Becoming,” (1969, May 7). State Hornet, p. 2.
  • “Editorial—Black Students Demand Change,” (1969, March 18). State Hornet, p. 2.
  • “Editorial—Little Left to Be Said On P.E. Investigation,” (1970, January 6). State Hornet, p. 2.
  • “Editorial—Prompt Action By Butz, Step in Right Direction,” (1969, November 25). State Hornet, p. 2.
  • “Editorial: Racism—Cause For Some Soul Searching,” (1968, October 4). State Hornet, p. 2.
  • Edwards, H. (1969). Revolt of the Black Athlete, New York: Free Press.
  • Edwards, H. (1979a ). “Sport Within the Veil: The Triumphs, Tragedies and Challenges of Afro-American Involvement,” American Annals of Politics and Social Science, pp. 116–127.
  • Edwards, H. (1979b ). “The Olympic Project for Human Rights: An Assessment Ten Year Later,” Black Scholar 6(2): 2–8.
  • Edwards, H. (1980). The Struggle That Must Be: An Autobiography (New York: Macmillan).
  • Edwards, H. (1983 ). “Reflections on Olympic Sportpolitics: History and Prospects, 1968–1984,” The Crisis 90: 20–24.
  • Ellyson, C.B. (1968, October15). “Letters to the Editor—Criticism of Cleaver, ‘Dirty Rag’ Hornet,” State Hornet, p. 3.
  • “Ethnic Programs Await Verdict,” (1969, April 23). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Facility to feature tribute to former coach Ray Clemons,” (2006, May 24). Sacramento State News, http://www.csus.edu/news/052406clemons.stm.
  • Faria, I. (1970, December 9). Letter to Dr. D. Mohr, Subject—Faculty Evaluation, CSUS Archives.
  • Franks, P. “College Sports . . . Crisis in the Stadium,” pp. 2–3. Reprinted from the Los Angeles Times.
  • Gay, J. (1970a, February 27). “Hornets Host Chico St. Tonight—Can Clinch League Crown,” State Hornet, p. 7.
  • Gay, J. (1970b, March 3). “Hornets Beat Chico, Win Regional Berth,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Good, R.A., & Somerville, A.W. (1971, Spring). Course description—Ethnic Considerations in Athletics. CSUS Archives.
  • Grundman, A. (1980 ). “The Image of Intercollegiate Sports and the Civil Rights Movement: A Historian’s View,” Arena Review 5(3 ), pp. 77–85.
  • Heath, S. (1969, November 14). “Black Athletes Reinstated at SSC,” Sacramento Union, p. D1.
  • Heath, S. (1970, June 4). “Football Coaches Deny Charges,” Sacramento Union, p. D1, D2.
  • “Heron, Clemons Honored,” Sacramento Union, 1 January 1970, p. B1, B2.
  • “Hyink Applauds SSC Athletic Record—Will Reveal Recommendations Shortly,” (1970, September 16). Sacramento Bee.
  • Hyink, B.L. (1970a, August 3). Letter to Emil Mrak, Douglas Greer, and Louis N. Desmond, CSUS Archives.
  • Hyink, B.L. (1970b, December 9). Letters to Jack E. Heron, Henry Elespuru, and Ray Clemons. CSUS Archives.
  • Hyink, B.L. (1971, June 2). Letter to Addison Somerville, CSUS Archives.
  • Hyink, B.L., & Inabnit, D. (1970, November 2). Letter to Calvin R. Boyes, Subject—Athletic Grievance Panel, CSUS Archives.
  • “‘I’ll Quit For Team,’ Clemons Says,” Sacramento Union, 29 December 1969, p. D1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1969a, November 19). “Black Athletes Quit SSC Team,” Sacramento Union, p. D1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1969b, December 2). “SSC Fires Lewis, Rousey, and Dynan,” Sacramento Union, pp. B1, B2.
  • Jenkins, J. (1969c, December 29). “SSC Ousters Overturned,” Sacramento Union, p. 1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1969d, December 30). “‘Full Pardon’ Given Clemons and Heron,” Sacramento Union, p. B1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1970a, January 14). “SSC Team Refuses to Meet With Dr. Black,” Sacramento Union, p. B1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1970b, February 12). “Lewis Sends Complaints to FWC,” Sacramento Union, p. C1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1970c, February 13). “Stull’s Ultimatum—’Put Up or Shut Up,’“ Sacramento Union, p. E1.
  • Jenkins, J. (1970d, May 22). “Lewis-SSC Probation Fault of Coaches,” Sacramento Union, p. C1, C5.
  • Jenkins, J. (1970e, December 4). “No Reassignments at SSC,” Sacramento Union, p. B1.
  • Johnson, G. (1969, May 7). “Ethnic Studies Center Most Important Innovation of Year,” State Hornet, p. 7.
  • Jones, P. (1969a, November 25). “Committee to Investigate Alleged Discrimination,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Jones, P. (1969b, November 26). “Student Senate Orders Athletic Fund Freeze Lifted,” State Hornet, 26 November 1969, p. 1.
  • Jones, P. (1970a, January 7). “New Committee Members Appointed for Investigation,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Jones, P. (1970b, January 9). “Area Petition demands ‘A Full Apology’ For Heron and Clemons,” State Hornet, 9 January 1970, p. 1.
  • Jones, P. (1970c, December 4). “All Hornet Coached Keep Positions in Wake of Probes,” Sacramento Bee, pp. F1, F5.
  • Kohn, B. (1969, December 23). “Coaches Get Support,” Sacramento Bee, p. B4.
  • Kronenberg, P. (1970, September 22). “Desmond Report—Athletic Discrimination Findings,” State Hornet, p.1.
  • Lomax, M.E. (2002). “Revisiting The Revolt of the Black Athlete: Harry Edwards and the Making of the New African-American Sport Studies,” Journal of Sport History, 29(3).
  • Lomax, M.E. (2008). Sports and the Racial Divide: African American and Latino Experience in an Era of Change (University of Mississippi Press).
  • Mahoney, G. (1968, October 4). “Led Olympic Boycott: Harry Edwards Speaks Today,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Malone Named Football Coach,” (1970, June 22). State Hornet, p. 5.
  • McCann, J., Conrad, C.C., & Johnson, E.L. (1969, November 13). A Committee Report on an In-depth Study of the Division of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation and the Department of Athletics at Sacramento State College. CSUS Archives.
  • Micco, M. (1970a, January 9). “Player Committee Comes Out in Strong Support of Clemons,” State Hornet, pp. 1, 7.
  • Micco, M. (1970b, February 27). “From the Mike: The Sacramento Eight,” State Hornet, p. 7.
  • Morrison, S. (1970, January 9, 23). Letters to Otto Butz, CSUS Archives.
  • Mrak, E., Greer, D., & Desmond, L.N. (n.d.). An Evaluation of the Operations of the Sacramento State College Intercollegiate Athletic Program, Including Interpersonal Relationships, Personnel Practices, Professional Ethics and Educational Policies: Findings and Recommendations. CSUS Archives.
  • Mrak, E., Greer, D., & Desmond, L.N. (1970a, July 23). Letter to Bernard L. Hyink. CSUS Archives.
  • Mrak, E., Greer, D., & Desmond, L.N. (1970b, July 23).Letter to Chancellor Dumke, CSUS Archives.
  • Murray, K. (1970, May 19). “Convocation Called to Reflect on Jackson State College Tragedy,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Negroes Quit SSC Hoop Team,” (1969, November 13). Sacramento Union, p. B1.
  • Newton, K. (1968a, September 25). “Spock, Cleaver, Edwards Set For Racism Symposium,” State Hornet, pp. 1, 2.
  • Newton, K. (1968b, October 9). “TV Special Will Review Racism Symposium,” State Hornet, p. 3.
  • “Off-Campus Intercollegiate Committee Invites Statements,’“ (1970 February 10). State Hornet, p. 3.
  • Office of the President. (1969, September 10). News Release. Committee Appointed to Assess HPER and Athletics. CSUS Archives.
  • Office of the President. (1970, March 20). Schedule of testimony appointments with committee. CSUS Archives.
  • “Players, Black Just Talked.” (1970, January 15). Sacramento Union, p. B1.
  • “Players’ Statement on Clemons,” (1970, January 8). Sacramento Union, p. C2.
  • “Politics and the Black Revolution,” Racism in America, pp. 125–151. CSUS Archives.
  • President ’s Special Committee to Investigate Discrimination in the Intercollegiate Athletic Department. (1969, December 19). Report. CSUS Archives.
  • Putnam, P. “No Defeats, Loads of Trouble,” Sports Illustrated, November 3, 1969, pp. 26–27.
  • “Regents Debate Cleaver Lecture,” (1968, September 23). State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Reider, B. (1969, October 31). “Pro Possibilities for Hornet Gridder Carter,” State Hornet, p. 7.
  • Rice, M. (1969, March 21). “For Sac State: A Week of Awakening,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Risden, T. (1968, October 8). “‘Nigger Politicians’ Must Be Stopped,” State Hornet.
  • Ross, D. (1968a, September 23). “Cleaver Gives Insight To Revolt,” State Hornet, p. 1
  • Ross, D. (1968b, October 4). “On Campus: Eldridge Cleaver — an Analysis,” State Hornet, p. 7.
  • Ross, D. (1968c, October 8). “A Review of SSC’s Symposium—Controversy and Concord: Cleaver, Edwards, Groppi Highlight Week; SSC Draws Reaction From Community Leaders, Rafferty Threatens,” State Hornet, pp. 8–9.
  • Sacramento Bee. (1969, December 23). Clipping in CSUS Archives.
  • Scott, J. (1971). The Athletic Revolution (New York: The Free Press).
  • Sessa, B. (1968a, May 17). “Athletic Director Appointed: Syracuse Coach Takes Post,” State Hornet, pp. 1, D2.
  • Sessa, B. (1968b, May 17). “New Athletic Director Hints at ‘Something Big,’“ State Hornet, p. D2.
  • Shanahan, D. (1968, November 15). “Politically Growing Up? Behind the SF State Turmoil,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Smith, R. (1968, November 19). “SF State Strike Students Seeking SSC Support,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Spivey, D. (1985 ). “Black Consciousness and Olympic Protests Movement, 1964–1980,” Sport in America, pp. 239–262.
  • Spivey, D. (1983 ). “The Black Athlete in Big-Time Intercollegiate Sports, 1941–1968,” Phylon, 44(2), 116–125.
  • “Spotlight on Distinguished Alumni,” (Spring, 2008). Sac State Magazine. Available at http://www.sacstatemagazine/spring2008/awards.html.
  • “SSC Acting President Issues Statement,” Sacramento Bee, 29 December 1969, p. C6.
  • “SSC Blacks To Share Views,” State Hornet, 26 March 1969, p. 7.
  • “SSC Prof Backs Bias Probe Findings,” (1970, January 14). Sacramento Bee, pp. E1, E4.
  • SSC Yearbook. (1967 ). Sacramento State College, Sacramento, CA.
  • SSC Yearbook. (1968 ). Sacramento State College, Sacramento, CA.
  • SSC Yearbook. (1969 ). Sacramento State College, Sacramento, CA.
  • SSC Yearbook. (1970 ). Sacramento State College, Sacramento, CA.
  • Stage, D. (1969a, April 16). “Johns—Next 2 Coaches Black—Olympic Track Coach May Come to SSC,” State Hornet, p. 4.
  • Stage, D. (1969b, November 18). “Walkout Ends—Black Players Rejoin SSC Basketball Team,” State Hornet, p. 12.
  • Stage, D. (1969c, November 21). “Retraction—Poor Choice of Words,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Stage, D. (1970, January 6). “Butz Rejects Report, Appoints New Committee To Investigate Discrimination Charges,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • “Statement of 36 Black Athletes at SSC,” (1970, January 29). Sacramento Observer, p. 30.
  • Stevenson, G. ASI and Athletics,” (1999, May 12). State Hornet, http://www.csus.edu/hornet/archive/spring99/number28/sports01.html
  • Stull, W.M. (1969, December 18). Letter to Otto Butz, CSUS Archives.
  • Stull, W.M. (1970, January 14?). Findings, Draft. CSUS Archives.
  • Swesey, B. (1969a, May 25). “Rumor of SSC Quitting FWC is Denied,” Sacramento Bee, p. E12.
  • Swesey, B. (1969b, October). “Butz Lists Group to Probe SSC’s Athletics, PE Setup,” Sacramento Bee, pp. F1, F2. CSUS Archives.
  • Swesey, B. (1969c, November 14). “Five Negroes Rejoin SSC Cage Team After Walkout,” Sacramento Bee, p. E1.
  • Swesey, B. (1969d, December 2). “Dr. Butz Will Study Report on SSC Athletics, Plans to Act in February,” Sacramento Bee, p. D1.
  • Swesey, B. (1969e, December 2). “SSC Relieves Lewis, Rousey,” Sacramento Bee, pp. C1, F2.
  • Swesey, B. (1969f, December 21). “Clemons Vows He Will Fight Ouster Attempt,” Sacramento Bee, pp. G1, G8.
  • Swesey, B. (1969g, December 23). “SSC Coaching Crisis Continues,” Sacramento Bee, p. B4.
  • Swesey, B. (1969h, December 24). “Virga Leads the Way,” Sacramento Bee.
  • Swesey, B. (1969i, December 30). “Air of Uncertainty Continues to Hover Over Sacramento State Athletic Situation,” Sacramento Bee, pp. B4, B7.
  • Swesey, B. (1970a, January 8). “SSC Gridders,” Sacramento Bee, p. D1.
  • Swesey, B. (1970b, January 15). “SSC Bias Prober Reveals Committee’s Lack of Evidence,” Sacramento Bee, pp. E1, E7.
  • Taylor, G. (1968, October 15). “Commentary—Cleaver is Human Being Battling I nhumaness,” State Hornet, p. 2.
  • Underwood, J. (1969, September 8). “Concessions—and Lies,” Sports Illustrated, p. 31.
  • Warren, B. (1970, May 20). “Convocation Debates School Closure—’This Would Be Ultimate Tokenism,’ Butz Says,” State Hornet, p. 1.
  • Wiggins, D.K. (1988 ). “‘The Future of College Athletics is at Stake:’ Black Athletes and Racial Turmoil on Three Predominantly White University Campuses, 1968–1972,” Journal of Sport History 15, 304–333.
  • Wiggins, D.K. (1992 ). “‘The Year of Awakening:’ Black Athletes, Racial Unrest and the Civil Rights Movement of 1968,” International Journal of the History of Sport 9(2): 188–208.
  • Wiggins, D.K. (1991 ). “Prized Performers, but Frequently Overlooked Students: The Involvement of Black Athletes in Intercollegiate Sports on Predominantly White University Campuses, 1890–1972,” Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 62(2 ), pp. 164–177.
  • Woodworth, K. (1969, February 25). “More Subtle—Bias Doesn’t Have to be a Burning Cross,” State Hornet, p. 1.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.