George Deacon (1843–1909) and the Vyrnwy Works

REFERENCES

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• G. F. Deacon, ibid., 1884–85, pp. 987–994.
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• Op. cit.(8), 4 June (1885).
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• G. F. Deacon, ibid., pp. 31–36.
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• T. Hawksley, Letter to Bower, 3 Nov 1881, op. cit. (8), 21 Oct. (1885).
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• T. Hawksley, Letter to Bower, 1 Mar 1883, Ibid.
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• T. Hawksley, Letter to Deacon, 5 Aug 1884, Ibid.
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• T. Hawksley, Letter to Bower, 10 Dec 1881, op. cit. (8), 19 Oct. (1885).
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit. (18).
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• Op. cit.(12), (1884–85), pp. 997–1009.
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• Ibid., pp. 997–1009.
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• Ibid., pp. 987–994.
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• Op. cit.(8), 4 June (1885).
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid., 21 Oct. (1885).
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• Ibid., 21 Oct. (1885).
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• Ibid.
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• Ibid., 19 Oct. (1885).
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• Ibid., 19 Oct. (1885).
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• Op. cit.(12), (1885–86), p. 76.
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• G. F. Deacon, "Report as to Masonry Dam", op. cit. (12), (1885–86), p. 695.
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• A. H. Holme, "Report on Vyrnwy Dam", O. cit. (12), (1885–86), p.1259.
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• G. F. Deacon, "Progress Report on Vyrnwy Works", op. cit. (12), (1888–89), P. 1443.
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• G. F. Deacon, The Aesthetics of Construction (Liverpool Architectural and Archaeological Society, 1869).
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit.(18), Vol. 126, 1896, p. 49.
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• The early history of prestressing applied to concrete is poorly documented, but it is certain that Deacon was one of the first, if not the very first, to attempt it. It is generally considered that it was necessary to wait until the 1930s for the development of strong enough steels to make prestressing a practical proposition, as applied by Freyssinet. The plough steel wire used by Deacon probably had an ultimate strength of over 100 ton/sq. in but Deacon does not state at what tension he wrapped it round the concrete and so it is not possible to say whether or not it could still have much influence. Deacon's method of prestressing was first applied by the Preload Company in the 1930s; it is still used by their successors Prestensioned Structures Ltd.
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• P. Cusack, "Francois Hennebique". Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol. 56, p. 75.
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• See figure bottom right. "Vyrnwy Aqueduct—the Norton Tower—details", The Engineer, 15 July (1892), p. 15.
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• S. P. Timoshenko, Theory of Plates and Shells (McGraw-Hill, 1959), p. 444.
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• G. F. Deacon, O. cit.(12), (1887–88), P. 1597.
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• G. Farren, O. cit. (24).
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit. (67), p. 62.
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit. (12), (1887–88), p. 1597.
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• R. J. Baty, Redevelopment of Aqueduct Crossing of Mersey (North West Water Authority), 1983.
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit. (12), (1887–88), p.1597.
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit. (12), (1888–89), p. 1443.
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• G. F. Deacon, "City and S. London Railway", op. cit. (18), Vol 123 (1893), p. 100.
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• Ibid., p. 101.
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• Sir Benjamin Baker, "Report on Mersey Crossing", op. cit. (12), 1890-91.
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• G. F. Deacon, ibid.
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• A bird fountain is a subsidiary diaphragm about 2 ft behind the main one, extending from the bottom of the skin to a level higher than the top of the opening in the main diaphragm. If the air pressure is greater than the pressure of water in the ground at mid-height, then no more ground and water can enter than is sufficient to fill the bird fountain.
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• G. F. Deacon, "Shield Tunnelling in Loose Ground", Report British Association for the Advancement of Science (1892), P. 532.
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• Asnorer is a pipe with a small bore which runs from the face to the shaft, up through the air deck, and discharges above highest tide level. If the pipe is full of water the air pressure is not sufficient to lift the water up the shaft. To succeed the end of the pipe should be kept only half submerged, so that a mixture of air and water is discharged.
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• G. F. Deacon, op. cit.(18), Vol. 123 (1893), p. 104.
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• Ibid., p. 103.
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• Op. cit.(12), (1889–90), p. 146.
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• P. G. Via11, op. cit.(23), Nov. (1971), P. 29.
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• L. Pearson, op. cit.(23) May (1968), p. 34.
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• Ibid., p. 37.
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• L. W. Atcherley and Karl Pearson, Drapers' Company Research Memoir, Technical Series 2 (1904).
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• Engineering, Vol. 79 (1905), p. 414.
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• Sir J. Ottley and A. W. Brightmore, "Experimental Investigation of the Stresses in Masonry Dams", op. cit. (18), Vol. 172 (1907–08), Part 2, p. 89.
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• J. S. Wilson and W. Gore, "Stresses in Dams: an Experimental Investigation by means of India-Rubber Models", op. cit. (18), Vol. 172 (1907–08), Part 2, p. 107.
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• P. G. Via11, op. cit. (23), Nov. (1971), p. 29.
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• G. F. Deacon, "Report as to Vyrnwy Aqueduct", 1898. Liverpool Library, H 352–6.
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• A. J. S. Pippard, Unwin Memorial Lecture, Journal of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 33 (1949–50), pp. 265–286.
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