The Coal-burning Locomotive Gas-Turbine Project

NOTES AND REFERENCES

• F. KLEMM. A history of Western technology, (George Allen & Unwin, 1959), pp. 212–220 describes Huygens gunpowder engine.
   Google Scholar
• F. SCHMIDT, The internal combustion engine, (Chapman & Hall, 1965 English ed. of Verbren-nungskraftmaschinen (1951). Review of internal-combustion engine theory and practice before and during the 1940s.
   Google Scholar
• M. E. BRILLIE, Application du moteur a hydrocarbures a la traction sur voies ferrees, (Genie Civil, 1923) pp. 272–414; J. W. HOBSON, The internal-combustion locomotive, (Trans. NE Coast Eng. & Ship., 1925, Vol. XLI), pp. 145–242. G. V. LOMONOSSOFF, Diesel traction, (Proc. IMechE, 1933), pp 537–613.
   Google Scholar
• Pawlikowski's work analysed by E. SOEHNGEN, The development of coal-burning Diesel engines in Germany: a state of the art review, for United States Energy Research & Development Administration, August 1976, FE/WAP0/3387–1
   Google Scholar
• T. W. RYAN, W. E. LIKOS and C. A. MOSES, The use of slurry fuel in a diesel engine, (M.E.R. November 1980), pp. 19–21. Y. TAKAHASHI et al., Basic studies on coal-oil mixture combustion, (2nd Int. symposium on coal-oil mixture combustion, Nov. 1979, Conf-791160—Vol. 2, pp 1155–1185, Tech. Inf. Centre, US Dept. of Energy). H. A. STEIGER, Coal slurries & synthetic fuels in diesel engines. Panel contribution, CIMAC Congress, Helsinki 1981, Tech. Inf. paper, Sulzer, Winterthur.
   Google Scholar
• D. W. RUDORFF: Steam Generators, (Charles Griffin & Co., London, 1938), pp 135–152.
   Google Scholar
• N. SWINDIN, Submerged combustion: steam generation, part 1, (World Power, 1927, vol. 8, pt. 45), pp. 128–132; part 2, ( ibid., pt. 46) pp. 189–196.; O. BRUNLER, The internal combustion boiler & its application to the locomotive, paper 212, JnI.Inst.Rly.Eng. 14th Jan 1927) abstract in Railway Engineering, March 1927, p. 97.
   Google Scholar
• Both systems described in RUDORFF (Op cit.), pp. 48–71 and 40–47.
   Google Scholar
• The establislunent of the diesel-electric norm in the USA is described by D. P. MORGAN, Diesel-electric in North America, (Concise Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives, Hutchinson, 1955), pp. 107–142. For the British case see R. M. TUFNELL, Diesel impact on British Rail, (Mech. Eng. Publ. 1979).
   Google Scholar
• New forms of motive power, including gas-turbines burning oil and coal, are discussed by J. S. TRTTTON, Presidential Address: the challenge to steam, delivered to Inst. Loco. Eng., London, 17 Dec. 1947. (Jnl. Inst. Loco. Eng. 1947), pp. 462–497. Brown Boveri unit discussed pp. 478–481. Coal-turbine locomotive discussed in T. A. CROWE, Motive power on land and sea, Presidential Address, (Proc. IMechE, 1956, vol. 171).
   Google Scholar
• Ibid. Review of early work in USA pp. 482–490. J. I. YELLOTT, and C. F. KOTTCAMP, United States fuels and the coal-burning gas-turbine locomotive, (Engineering, Oct. 3, 1947), p. 319; (ibid Oct. 10, 1947) pp. 341–342. Abstracted from Coal & the gas turbine road locomotive, ( AAR annual meeting, Mech. Div., 23–38 June 1947, Atlantic City).
   Google Scholar
• J. I. CHISMAN, Gas turbine locomotives of the Union Pacific railroad, (JnI.I.Mech.E (Rly.Div.), 1971, Vol. 2. Pt. 2), pp 189–203.
   Google Scholar
• K. ROBERTSON, The Great Western Railway Gas Turbines: A Myth Exposed, (Alan Sutton, 1989).
   Google Scholar
• A. W. J. DYMOND, Operating experiences with two gas-turbine locomotives,(J. Inst. Loco. Eng., 1953, Vol. 53, Pt. 3), pp. 268–336.
   Google Scholar
• R. M. TUFNELL, Prototype locomotives, (David & Charles, 1985), pp. 104–107.
   Google Scholar
• C. KELLER, Operating experience and design features of closed cycle gas-turbine power plants, ( Trans. ASME, Vol. 79,1957), pp. 527–543. C. KELLER, and W. GAEHER, The coal-burning closed-cycle gas-turbine, (Mech.Eng. (USA), June 1961, Vol. 83, Pt. 6) pp. 61–67. H. FRUTSCHI, and W. HAAS, 25% thermal efficiency with a pulverised-coal firing gas-turbine plant of 2000 kW output, (Escher Wyss News, 1959, vol. 32), pp. 65–68. ANON, Closed cycle gas turbine burning coal slurry, (Mech. Power, Jan. 1962, Vol. 58, Pt. 685), pp. 10–12. H. A. S. GOTHARD, Rail-borne gas turbine power stations, (Railway Gazette, Sept. 21, 1962), pp. 331–336. G. WARREN, Coal burning gas turbine development, (Coal Utilization, Jan. 1963), pp. 9–12. H. Roxbee COX, Some fuel and power projects, (Proc. IMechE, Vol. 164, 1951), pp. 407–424. J. SMITH, D. C. STRIMBECK, N. H. COATES, J. P. McGEE, Bureau of Mines progress in developing open and closed-cycle coal-burning gas turbine power plants, (Jnl. of Engineering for Power (USA), Oct. 1966), pp. 313–322.
   Google Scholar
• D. L. MORDELL, An experimental coal-burning gas turbine, (Proc. IMechE, Vol. 169, No. 7), pp. 163–180.
   Google Scholar
• J. C. WISDOM, A gas turbine that burns coal, (Factory & Plant, Dec. 1,1963), pp. 36–37; J. C. WISDOM, M. L. ATKIN, E. P. LHUEDE and W. J. MORLEY, The coal burning gas turbine in Australia, (Elect. & Mech. Eng. Trans., May 1961), pp. 29–42 J. L. MULLER, An assessment of the feasibility of a direct-fired open-cycle gas turbine burning pulverised South African bituminous coal, (South African Mechanical Engineer, Oct. 1970), pp. 342–350.
   Google Scholar
• J. R. BOLTER, The Parsons-North British gas turbine locomotive, (Proc. of Evolution of Modern Traction meeting, Imperial College, London, 20th Nov. 1993), pp. 1–40. Revised address to be read at Science Museum, London, in Newcomen Society 1994–1995 programme and published in Transactions.
   Google Scholar
• H. ROXBEE COX, (Op cit, Ref. 16), pp. 409–410.
   Google Scholar
• Ibid, p. 415 shows the English Electric plant burning firedamp.
   Google Scholar
• D. L. MORDELL, (Op cit Ref 17), Mordell quotes his papers The exhaust heated gas turbine cycle, (Trans. ASME, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1950), pp. et seq.; A coal-burning gas turbine, (ASME 51—SA 32,1951).
   Google Scholar
• J. E. YELLOTT, Development of direct-fired coal-burning gas-turbine locomotive, (ASME paper 54—A-201, 1954).
   Google Scholar
• Progress to 1954, using a 4250 hp turbine reviewed in ANON: Ash separation; the key to coal-burning turbine progress, (Railway Age (USA), April 19th 1954), pp. 44–47.
   Google Scholar
• Progress made when the LDC handed over the turbine to the US Bureau of Mines is reviewed in J. P. McGEE and R. C. COREY, Bureau of Mines Coal-Fired Gas Turbine research project, (Combustion (USA), April 1960), pp. 67–72. Includes review of alternative cycles. The coal fuel supply system is described by W. M. NABORS, C. N. ROSENECKER, R. W. CARGILL, and J. SMITH, Feeding coal to a gas turbine-operation of star wheel coal-feeding system, (Combustion, Vol. 35, Pt. 7, Jan. 1964) pp. 41–44.
   Google Scholar
• Op cit, Ref 24.
   Google Scholar
• J. I. YELLOTT, and P. R. BROADLEY, Fly ash separators for high pressures and temperatures, (Ind. & Eng. Chemistry, Vol. 47, May 1955), p. 944. J. SMITH, R. PILL and D. C. STRIMBECK, Temperature drop indicates plug in discharge outlet of ash separator, (Combustion, Vol. 34, Pt. 5, Nov. 1962), p. 30–32. A. S. MOORE, Sampling dust in the Bureau of Mines coal-fired gas turbine, (Combustion, Vol. 35, Pt. 4, Oct. 1963), pp. 28–30. R. W. CARGILL, J. SMITH, and J. P. McGEE, Coal-fired gas turbine completes run with new blades, (Power Engineering, 1964, Vol. 68, pt. 5), pp. 47–48.
   Google Scholar
• CHISMAN: (Op cit, Ref. 12). An illustrated history of the Union Pacific RR gas-turbine locomotives is given in T. R. LEE, Turbines Westward, (T. Lee Publ./AG Press, Manhatten, Kansas, 1975).
   Google Scholar
• J. JOSEPH, 5000 HP dual fuel (oil & coal) turbine, a first on the rails: Union Pacific's coal-burning gas turbine-electric locomotive, (Diesel & Gas Turbine Progress, Vol. 30, pt. 4, April 1964), pp. 56–58.
   Google Scholar
• ANON Coal-fired gas turbine is road tested in freight service, (Railway Locomotives & Cars, Vol. 137, Pt. 1, Jan. 1963), pp. 28–29.
   Google Scholar
• Y. M. TASSIN, E NOUVION, AND J. WOIMANT Histoire de la traction electrigue, (Tome 2, 'De 1940 a nos jours', La Vie du Rail, Paris, 1986), pp. 257–259. W. D. MIDDLETON, When the steam roads electrified, (Kalmbach, 1974), pp. 171–179. F. J. G. HAUT, The history of the electric locomotive, (George Allen & Unwin, 1969), pp. 76–77.
   Google Scholar
• Op cit, Refs 29,30 & 33. LEE, Op cit Ref 28, pp. 32–34 and 136–141; and 144a-b-c for general arrangement drawing.
   Google Scholar
• H. REES, Progress report on the world's first direct-fired coal burning gas turbine locomotive—built by Union Pacific, (Trans. Soc. Mining Eng. (USA), March 1964), pp. 16–25.
   Google Scholar
• LEE Op cit, Ref. 28, p. 34.
   Google Scholar
• ANON: DD4OX: New high in horsepower GM calls Ul3s 6600-hp unit 'most powerful land vehicle', (Railway Loco. and Cars, June 1969), p. 32 and p. 57.
   Google Scholar
• General review of all potential alternatives, including the impractical, in S. G. LIDDLE, Future fuels and engines for railroad locomotives, vol.]: summary and vol. 2: technical document, (Jet Propulsion Lab., Cal. Inst. Tech., Pasadena, JPL report 81–101, 1 Nov. 1981).
   Google Scholar
• M. J. HAPEMAN, and S. D. SAVKAR, Economic assessment of coal burning locomotives, (ASME/IEEE Joint Railroad Conf., April 1987, IEEE Proc. CH2399-4/87), pp. 39–50. Economic assessment of coal-burning diesel locomotives, (Energy Sources & Technology Conf. & Exhibition, New Orleans, Feb. 23–27, 1986, ASME Paper 86-ICE-14). Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Caltech) Economic aspects of advanced coal-fired gas-turbine locomotives (JPL 83-GT-241); The coal-fired gas-turbine locomotive—a new look (JPL 83-GT-242); Design of advanced coal-fired gas turbine locomotives, (ASME 85-GT–48).
   Google Scholar
• W. E. LIKOS and T. W. RYAN, Experiments with coal fuels in a high-temperature diesel engine, (Trans. ASME/Jnl of Engineering for Gas Turbines & Power, Vol. 110, July 1988), pp. 444-452. M. H. McMILLAN, and H. A. WEBB Coal-fuelled diesels: systems development, (Jnl for Gas Turbines & Power, July 1989, Vol. 111), pp. 485–497.
   Google Scholar
• R. L. KOCH, C. E. CURRY, D. L. MASON and J. O. SLEZINGER, Commercialization considerations for a coal-fuelled diesel locomotive, (ASME 86-ICE-5). Union Pacific introduced a road-switcher fuelled by natural gas in 1994, (Rly. Gaz. Int., April 1994).
   Google Scholar
• R. W. SMOCK, Direct coal-fired gas turbine development work shows promise, (Power Engineering, April 1988), pp. 53–55.
   Google Scholar
• HAPEMAN & SAVKAR Op cit, Ref 37.
   Google Scholar
• Recent trends in diesel electric locomotive design in the USA is towards units with engine power in the 4000–1400 hp range. Demonstrator units with 6000 hp engines are predicted for late 1994. ANON: Dash 9and AC 4400 offer higher productivity, (Rly. Gaz. Int. May 1994), pp. 307–308.
   Google Scholar