NOTES AND REFERENCES
- J. H. Galloway, The Sugar Cane Industry An Historical Geography From its Origins to 1914 (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989) p. 134.
- Dale Tomich, Slavery in the Circuit of Sugar Martinique and the World Economy 1830–1848 (Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, 1990), p. 201. There is much controversy among economic historians as to the extent of technological change that developed in the slave societies of the New World during the era of slavery. The popularly held view is that slavery impeded progress for the simple reason that innovations are incompatible with slavery/slave labour. See for example Tomich; Eugene Genovese, The Political Economy of slavery Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South (New York, 1976). The contradictory view of this 'Incompatibility thesis' is that in slave societies innovations were widely implemented and these were integral to economic development recorded in theses societies. See Rebecca Scott, Slave Emancipation in Cuba (Princeton, 1987); J. R. Ward, British West Indian Slavery, 1750–1834 The Process of Amelioration (Oxford: Clarendon Press 1988).
- Galloway, op. cit., p. 134; See also Noel Deerr, The History of Sugar (Chapman & Hall, London: 1949).
- Galloway, op. cit., p. 135.
- David Watts, The West Indies Patterns of Development, Culture and Environmental Change Since 1492 ( Cambridge: 1987), p. 421. Ragatz similarly argues that there was very little or no advance in technology of sugar production during this period of slavery in the British Caribbean. He claims that the introduction of steam power in the British Caribbean, during this period when its employment in the 'mother country had become common [did not] make much headway . . .' This he argues was a result of West Indian planter conservatism. According to him 'the change from animal to steam as a motive force was too great for West Indian conservatism' Lowell Ragatz, The Fall of the Planter Class in the British Caribbean 1763–1833 [1928] Reprint (Octagon, New York, 1963).
- L. T. C. Rolt, Thomas Newcomen. The Prehistory of the Steam Engine, (Augustus Kelley, New York, 1964) p. 35; 2nd ed (Moorland, Harlington, 1977).
- Ibid., p. 35.
- Richard Hills, Power From Steam: A History of the Steam Engine (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989), p. 31.
- Its construction was crude and its machinery cumbrous. It had an insatiable appetite for fuel; hence it was costly to operate. It also had low thermal capacity. Because of these imperfections steam engineers looked to see how they could improve the performance of existing engines. See Von Tunzelmann, Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860, (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978) pp. 16–17.
- James Renwick, Treatise on the Steam Engine, (New York: 1836) p. 197.
- Hills, op. cit., p. 40.
- Carroll Purse11, Early Stationary Steam Engines in America: A Study in the Migration of a Technology (Smithsonian Press, Washington, 1969), p. 14.
- Hills, op. cit., p. 70.
- A. E. Musson and E. Robinson, 'Science and Industry in the Late Eighteenth Century' Economic History Review, Vol. 13:1 (1960) p. 424.
- Ibid., pp. 428–429.
- Ibid., p. 433.
- Ibid., p. 437.
- Eric Robinson, 'The Early Diffusion of Steam Power,' Journal of Economic History, Vol. 34:1(1974), p. 95.
- Ragatz, op. cit., p. 61.
- Noel Deerr and A. Brooks, The Early use of Steam Power in the Cane Sugar Industry' Transactions of the Newcomen Society, Vol. 21 (1940/41), p. 12.
- See, Petition of John Stewart, Millwright, JAJ, (December 9, 1768).
- See, JAJ (December 16, 1768).
- See, 'A Bill for vesting in John Stewart the sole right for erecting Mills for grinding Canes upon his new invented plan.' JAJ (December 23, 1768). See also, Deerr and Brooks, 'Steam Power,' p. 550.
- See, JAJ (December 16, 1770).
- See Private Act entitled 'An Act enabling Robert Rainey, otherwise known as John Stewart, to carry into execution his newly invented mill for grinding sugar canes with the power of a fire engine'. JAJ (December 29, 1770).
- Deerr and Brooks, 'Steam Power,' p. 11.
- John Stewart, A Description of a Machine or Invention to Grind Sugar Canes By the Power of a Fire Engine: Such as are used in Raising Water Out of Mines &c. (1768), p. 9.
- Ibid., p. 9.
- Ibid., p. 6.
- Ibid., pp. 5, 17.
- 'Bryan Edwards . . . Jamaican Plantation,' In Michael Craton, James Walvin et al. Eds. Slavery, Abolition and Emancipation: Black Slaves and the British Empire. A Thematic Documentary (Longmans, London, 1976), pp. 70–71.
- Stewart, op. cit., p. 10.
- Stewart's estimated operating costs of the wind- and cattle-mills: The labour of ten Negroes£12000
- Ibid., pp. 17–23.
- Ibid., pp. 18, 21, 22.
- Ibid., p. 25.
- For a discussion on this topic, see Barry Higman, Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica 1807-1834 ( Cambridge, Cambridge, 1976).
- Stewart, op. cit., p. 13.
- Ibid., p. 25.
- Ibid., p. 17.
- See Veront Satchel!, 'Technology and Productivity Change in the Jamaican Sugar Economy, 1760-1830'. Unpublished PhD Dissertation (UWI, Mona) 1993.
- Deerr and Brooks, 'Steam Power' p. 13.
- Ibid., p. 14.
- Ibid., p. 15.
- Ibid., pp. 15–16.
- Boulton and Watt Letter Book, vol. 36 (1814).
- See for example the following response: 26, Sept. 1814
- Tann and Breckin proposed a simple three stage model in their discussion of the diffusion of the Watt engine. Viz. DISPERSAL (purchases are made but there is no band wagon appeal)->DIFFUSION (spread of information, interests are shown, wide scale purchases are made)->ASSIMILATION (new technology is absorbed in the host country to the point where knowledge and manufacture of the product have been assimilated by the nationals). Jennifer Tann and M. J. Brecicin, 'The International Diffusion of the Watt Engine 1775-1825', Economic History Review, Vol. 31:4 (1978), p. 545.
- See, Petition of Dugald Clarke, JAJ (December 17, 1770).
- Deerr and Brooks, 'Steam Power' pp. 11–12.
- Ibid., p. 15.
- ,See, Petition of Wickes Skurray to the hon. House, JAJ (November 27, 1773).
- See, 'An Act to enable Wickes Skurray . . .' Private Acts Passed by the Hon. House of Assembly JAJ (December 30, 1773).
- See Petition of Josias Robins to the House and Petition of Thomas Bunker Parker of Great Britain presented by his attorney Robert Jackson of St. James JAJ (November 21, 22, 1793).
- See JAJ (November 23, 1793).
- JAJ, (November 21, 1793).
- In Letter to Watt re Mr. Dawkins visit, Letter Book, B&W Coll.
- 'Letter Lord Penrhyn to Watt re Steam for Jamaica,' Letter Book 34/13 1786/87 No. 56–57 (January 30, 1786), B & W Coll.
- Jean Lindsay, 'The Pennants and Jamaica 1665-1808' Transaction of the Caernarvonshire Historical Society, Vol. 43:7 (1982), P. 79.
- Ibid., p. 79.
- Ibid., p. 79.
- Ibid., p. 80.
- Ibid., p. 81.
- John Rennie to Watt, Letter book, B & W Coll.
- Watt to Simon McKinns, January 3, 1820, Letter Book vol. 42, B & W Coll.
- Lindsay, op. cit., p. 80.
- Ibid., p. 80.
- John Rennie to Watt, Letter Book B & W Coll.
- Lindsay, op. cit., p. 81.