Horizontal Mills in Mediaeval Ireland

NOTES AND REFERENCES

• T. E. Powell, 'The disappearance of horizontal mills from mediaeval Ireland', Trans Newcomen Soc , 66, (1994–95), pp. 219–224.
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• C. Rynne, Technological change in Anglo-Norman Munster, (Barryscourt Lecture Series, Gandon Editions, Cork, 1998), 77. These dates were freely available from the Office of Public Works, Dublin, in 1993.
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• H. Mytum, The Origins of Early Christian Ireland. ( Batsford, London, 1992), P. 195.
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• M. G. L. Baillie, A Slice Through Time, dendrochronology and precision dating. (Batsford, London 1995), p. 126
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• T. E. Powell, op.cit., p. 220.
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• .Hurley et al, 'Medieval Britain and Ireland in 1990', Medieval Archaeology, vol. XXV, 1991, 206-7; C. Rynne, 'The Patrick Street Watermills. Their technological context and a note on the reconstruc-tion' in C. Walsh, Archaeological Excavations at Patrick, Nicholas and Winetavem Streets Dublin, (Brandon, Dingle, 1997), pp. 81–9; M. Walsh, 'A watermill at Ballyine, Co. Limerick', .Inl Cork Historical and Archaeological Soc., LXX, 1965, pp. 14–25.
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• G. Carville, The Occupation of Celtic Sites in Ireland by the Canons Regular of St. Augustine and the Cistercians, (Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1982), pp. 29–47.
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• T. E. Powell, op.cit., p. 220.
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• C. Rynne, The Archaeology and Technology of the Horizontal-Wheeled Watermill, with Special Reference to Ireland. Unpubl. Ph.D thesis, University College, Cork, 1988, vol.1, p. 227.
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• G. MacEoin, 'The early Irish vocabulary of mills and milling' in Studies on Early Ireland: Essays in Honour of M.V. Duignan, ed. B. G. Scott (Belfast, 1982), pp. 13–19.
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• E. Knott ed., Togail Bruidne Da Derga, ( Dublin, 1936), p. 734; G. MacEoin, op.cit., 16.
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• G. MacEoin, op. cit., p. 16; G. Henderson ed. Fled Briciu, ( London, 1899), pp. 66–67.
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• Dr Powell also states that in my doctoral thesis I tentatively suggested that the introduction of feudal law may have led to the suppression of privately-owned mills in Ireland ( T. E. Powell, ibid. p. 220). For the record, this is entirely untrue. The only mention of this suggestion in my thesis relates to Europe as a whole, and not to Ireland. The reason why this suggestion was not made was because, as Dr. Powell, points out, 'feudal law was not even introduced, let alone effective, in many areas of Ireland until centuries after the Norman invasion'. The sections of my thesis which deal with the sur-vival of the horizontal mill in Ireland contradict the misreading of my views on the efficacy of feudal law in Ireland.
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• T. F. Glick, Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages, ( Princeton, 1979), p. 223.
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• J. Muendel, 'The horizontal mills of medieval Pistoia', Technology and Culture, 15, 1974, P. 200.
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• T. E. Powell op.cit., p. 221. In fact, the real reason so many of these sites have come to light is because they were built in areas of marginal land, which remained undisturbed by Irish agriculture until the 1970s. During this period Irish farmers could avail of EC grants for drainage schemes, during which many wetlands were drained. The vast majority of the sites dated by dendrochronology were accidentally discovered during drainage schemes.
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• K. Jackson ed. Aislinge Meic Conglinne, ( Dublin, 1990), pp. 159–60.
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• F. Kelly, Early Irish farming, (Dublin Institute of Advanced Studies, Dundalk 1997), pp. 396–7 and 479.
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• T. E. Powell, op.cit., 221.
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• A. Hamlin, 'Using mills on Sunday', in Studies on Early Ireland: Essays in Honour of M.V Duignan, ed. B.G. Scott, (Belfast, 1982), p. 11.
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• J. Healy, 'An Island Shrine in the West', Irish Ecclesiastical Record, Series 3, 11 (1890), pp. 673–86; M. Herity, 'The Hermitage on Ardoiledn, county Galway', Jnl Royal Soc. Antiq. Ireland, 120, (1990), pp. 65–101. The most recent account is by C. Rynne, G. Rourke, G. and J. White-Marshall, 'An Early Medieval Monastic Watermill on High Island', Archaeology Ireland, vol.10, no. 3, Autumn 1996, pp. 24–27.
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• C. Rynne, 'Milling in the 7th-Century-Europe's Earliest Tide Mills', Archaeology Ireland, 6, no.2, Summer, 1992, pp. 22–24.
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• C. Rynne, The Archaeology and Technology of the Horizontal-Wheeled Waterrnill, with Special Reference to Ireland. vol.II, p. 322.
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• See C. Rynne et. al 'An Early Medieval Monastic Watermill on High Island', pp. 24–27.
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• C. Rynne, 'Some Observations on the Production of Flour and Meal in the Early Historic Period', Jnl. Cork Hist. and Archaeol Soc 95, Jan—Dec., 1990, 20–29.
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