References
- Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, van Kerrebroeck P, Victor A, Wein A. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardisation Sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn 2002;21:167–78
- Hunskaar S, Arnold EP, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Herzog AR, Mallett VT. Epidemiology and natural history of urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 2000;11:301–19
- Fultz NH, Burgio K, Diokno AC, Kinchen KS, Obenchain R, Bump RC. Burden of stress urinary incontinence for community-dwelling women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003, in press
- Viktrup L. Female stress and urge incontinence in family practice: insight into the lower urinary tract. Int J Clin Pract 2002;56:694–700
- Andersson K-E, Appell R, Awad S, Chapple C, Drutz H, Finkbeiner A, Fourcroy J, Haab F, Wein A. Pharmacological treatment of urinary incontinence. In: Abrams P, Khoury S, Wein A, eds. Incontinence. Plymouth, UK: Health Publication,2002:481–511
- Ishiko O, Ushiroyama T, Saji F, Mitsuhashi Y, Tamura T, Yamamoto K, Kawamura Y, Ogita S. Beta(2)-adrenergic agonists and pelvic floor exercises for female stress incontinence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2000;71:39–44
- Weil EH, Eerdmans PH, Dijkman GA, et al. Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter evaluation of efficacy and dose finding of midodrine hydrochloride in women with mild to moderate stress urinary incontinence: a phase II study. Int J Urogynecol 1998;9:145–50
- Versi E, Cardozo L. Estrogens and the lower urinary tract function. In: Studd JWW, Whitehead MI, eds. The Menopause. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1988:76–84
- Hodgson BJ, Dumas S, Bolling DR, Heesch CM. Effect of estrogen on sensitivity of rabbit bladder and urethra to phenylephrine. Invest Urol 1978;16:67–9
- Larsson B, Andersson KE, Batra S, Mattiasson A, Sjogren C. Effects of estradiol on norepinephrine-induced contraction, alpha adrenoceptor number and norepinephrine content in the female rabbit urethra. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984;229:557–63
- Hextall A. Oestrogens and lower urinary tract function. Maturitas 2000;36:83–92
- Grady D, Brown JS, Vittinghoff E, Applegate W, Varner E, Snyder T. Postmenopausal hormones and incontinence: the heart and estrogen/progestin replacement study. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:116–20
- Blakeman PJ, Hilton P, Bulmer JN. Cellular proliferation in the female lower urinary tract with reference to oestrogen status. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2001;108:813–16
- Anderson K-E. Current concepts in the treatment of disorders of micturition. Drugs 1988;35:477–94
- Wein AJ. Pharmacology of incontinence. Urol Clin N Am 1995;22:557–77
- Radley SC, Chapple CR, Bryan NP, Clarke DE, Craig DA. Effect of methoxamine on maximum urethral pressure in women with genuine stress incontinence: a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study. Neurourol Urodyn 2001;20:43–52
- Beisland Ho, Fossberg E, Moer A, et al. Urethral insufficiency in postmenopausal females: treatment with phenylpropanolamine and estriol separately and in combination. Urol Int 1984;39:211–16
- Hilton P, Tweddel AL, Mayne C. Oral and intravaginal estrogens alone and in combination with alpha adrenergic stimulation in genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogyn J 1990;12:80–6
- Gatti JM, Perez-Brayfield M, Kirsch AJ, Smith EA, Massad HC, Broecker BH. Acute urinary retention in children. J Urol 2001;165:918–21
- Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Brass LM, Broderick JP, Brott T, Feldmann E, Morgenstern LB, Wilterdink JL, Horwitz RI. Phenylpropanolamine and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1826–32
- Fleming GA. The FDA, regulation, and the risk of stroke (editorial). N Engl J Med 2000;343:1886–7
- Brune ME, O’Neill AB, Gauvin DM, Katwala SP, Altenbach RJ, Brioni JD, Hancock AA, Sullivan JP. Comparison of alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonists in canine urethral pressure profilometry and abdominal leak point pressure models. J Urol 2001;166:1555–9
- O’Neill AB, Buckner SA, Brune ME, Milicic I, Daza AV, Gauvin DM, Altenbach RJ, Meyer MD, Williams M, Sullivan JP, Brioni JD. Pharmacological properties of A-204176, a novel and selective alpha1A adrenergic agonist, in in vitro and in vivo models of urethral function. Life Sci 2001;70: 181–97
- Gleason DM, Reilly RJ, Bottacini MR, Pierce MJ. The urethral continence zone and its relation to stress incontinence. J Urol 1974;112:81–8
- Rovner ES, Wein, AJ. Drug treatment of voiding dysfunction. In: Cardozo L, Staskin D, eds. Textbook of Female Urology and Urogynaecology. London/: Isis Medical Media, 2001:357–407
- Frazer A. Pharmacology of antidepressants. J Clin Psychopharm 1997;17:2–18S
- Yasuda K, Kawabe K, Takimoto Y, Kondo A, Takaki R, Imabayashi K. A double-blind clinical trial of an alpha2-adrenergic agonist in stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 1993;4:146–51
- Noguchi M, Eguchi Y, Ichiki J, Yahara J, Noda S. Therapeutic efficacy of clenbuterol for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Int J Urol 1997;4:480–3
- Sussman D, Garely A. Treatment of overactive bladder with once-daily extended-release tolterodine or oxybutynin: The antimuscarinic clinical effectiveness trial (ACET). Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18:177–84
- Khullar V, Digesu A, Chaliha C, Khan M, Hutchins A. Mixed incontinence: how should it be treated? Neurourol Urodyn 2002;21:378–79
- Chapple CR, Parkhouse H, Gardener C, Milroy EJ. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study of flavoxate in the treatment of idiopathic detrusor instability. Br J Urol 1990;66:491–4
- Meyhoff HH, Gerstenberg TC, Nordling J. Placebo - the drug of choice in female motor urge incontinence? Br J Urol 1983;55:34–7
- Thor KB, Katofiasc MA. Effects of duloxetine, a combined serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, on central neural control of lower urinary tract function in the chloralose-anesthetized female cat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;274:1014–24
- Norton P, Zinner NR, Yalcin I, Bump RC. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:40–8
- Zinner N, Dmochowski R, Miklos J, Norton P, Yalcin I, Bump R. Duloxetine versus placebo in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI). Neurourol Urodyn 2002;21:383–4
- Katofiasc MA, Nissen J, Audia JE, Thor KB. Comparison of the effects of serotonin selective, norepinephrine selective, and dual serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on lower uri-nary tract function in cats. Life Sci 2002;71:1227–36