Analysis of healthcare utilization patterns and adherence in patients receiving typical and atypical antipsychotic medications

References

• Kessler RC, Berglund PA, Zhao S, et al. The 12-month prevalence and correlates of serious mental illness. In Manderscheid RW, Sonnenschein MA, eds. Mental Health, United State. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office, 1996:59–70
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Health and Human Services. National Institute of Mental Health. The epidemiology of mental disorders: results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (ECA). Psychopharmacol Bull 1982;18:222–5
   Google Scholar
• Regier DA, Narrow WE, Rae DS, et al. The de facto mental and addictive disorders service system. Epidemiologic Catchment Area prospective 1-year prevalence rates of disorders and services. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:85–94
   Google Scholar
• Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satcher D. Mental health: a Report of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health, 1999
   Google Scholar
• Rice DP, Miller LS. The economic burden of schizophrenia: conceptual and methodological issues, and cost estimates. In Moscarelli M, Rupp A, Santorius N, eds. Schizophrenia. Handbook of Mental Health Economics and Health Policy, Vol. 1. London: John Wiley & Sons, 1996:321–34
   Google Scholar
• Mark T, McKusick D, King E, et al. National expenditures for mental health, alcohol, and other drug abuse treatment, 1996. 1998. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 1998
   Google Scholar
• Worrel JA, Marken PA, Beckman SE, et al. Atypical antipsychotic agents: a critical review. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2000;57:238–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revicki DA. Cost effectiveness of the newer atypical antipsychotics: a review of the pharmacoeconomic research evidence Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2001;2:110–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Revicki DA. The new atypical antipsychotics: a review of pharmacoeconomic studies Expert Opin Pharmacother 2000;1:249–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chouinard G. Effects of risperidone in tardive dyskinesia: an analysis of the Canadian multicenter risperidone study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15:36–44S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albright PS, Livingstone S, Keegan DL, et al. Reduction of healthcare resource utilization and costs following the use of risperidone for patients with schizophrenia previously treated with standard antipsychotic therapy: a retrospective analysis using Saskatchewan health linkable database. Clin Drug Invest 1996;11:289–99
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addington DE, Jones B, Bloom D, et al. Reduction of hospital days in chronic schizophrenic patients treated with risperidone: a retrospective study. Clin Ther 1993;15:917–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzin J, Boulanger L, Friedman M, et al. Treatment patterns and medication adherence between users of conventional and atypical antipsychotics in clinical practice: the Florida Medicaid experience. National Institute of Mental Health: NCDEU Poster Abstracts. Billerica, MA: Boston Health Economics, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Delgado L, McKoy Y, Rey JA, et al. A comparison of clinical outcomes in patients receiving depot vs. atypical antipsychotics. National Institute of Mental Health: NCDEU Poster Abstracts. Ft. Lauderdale, FL: Nova Southeastern University - College of Pharmacy, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Csernansky JG, Schuchart EK. Relapse and rehospitalization rates in patients with schizophrenia. Effects of second generation antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 2002;16:473–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masukopf J, Muroff M, Gibson PJ, et al. Estimating the costs and benefits of new drug therapies: atypical antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenics. Schizophr Bull 2002;28:619–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richie CW, Chiu E, Harrigan S, et al. The impact upon extra-pyramidal side effects, clinical symptoms and quality of life of a switch from conventional to atypical antipsychotics (risperidone or olanzapine) in elderly patients with schizophrenia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2003;18:432–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolder CR, Lacro JP, Dunn LB, et al. Antipsychotic medication adherence: is there a difference between typical and atypical agents? Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:103–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olfson M, Mechanic D, Hansell S, et al. Predicting medication noncompliance after hospital discharge among patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2000;51:216–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabeza IG, Amador MS, Lopez CA, et al. Subjective response to antipsychotics in schizophrenia patients: clinical implications and related factors. Schizophr Res 2000;41:349–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schectman JM, Bovbjerg VE, Voss J.D Predictors of medication-refill adherence in an indigent rural population. Med Care 2002;40:1294–1300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision. Clinical Modification, 6th edn. 2001. Los Angeles, CA: Practice Management Information Corporation, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Moulton BR. Random group effects and the precision of regression estimates. J Econometrics 1986;32:385–97
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner W, Mulvey EP, Shaw EC. Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychol Bull 1995;118:392–404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long JS. Regression Models for Categorical and Limited Dependent Variables. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1997
   Google Scholar
• McCullagh P, Nedler JA. Generalized Linear Models, 2nd edn. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1989
   Google Scholar
• White H. A heteroskedasticity-consistent covariance matrix estimator and a direct test for heteroskedasticity. Econometrica 1980;48:817–38
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber PJ. The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under nonstandard conditions. In Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, Vol. 1. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1967,221–3
   Google Scholar
• STATA Corporation (Version 8.0). College Station, TX: STATA Corporation
   Google Scholar
• Reents S. Haloperidol/olanzapine: cost. Clinical Pharmacology 2000, Gold Standard Multimedia, Inc. Accessed August 8, 2002. URL: http://cp.gsm.com
   Google Scholar
• Rosenheck R, Cramer J, Xu W, et al. Multiple outcome assessment in a study of the cost-effectiveness of clozapine in the treatment of refractory schizophrenia. Health Serv Res 1998;33:1237–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svarstad BL, Shireman TI, Sweeney JK. Using drug claims data to assess the relationship of medication adherence with hospitalization and costs. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:805–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi SN, Kirkwood CK, Sambur MR, et al. Economic outcomes of risperidone in comparison to typical neuroleptic agents for treatment-resistant psychosis: a community-based study. J Pharm Technol 2001;17:273–8
   Google Scholar
• Reid WH, Mason M. Psychiatric hospital utilization in patients treated with clozapine for up to 4.5 years in a state mental health care system. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:189–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianfrancesco F, Durkin MB, Mahmoud R, et al. Use of health-care services by patients treated with risperidone versus conventional antipsychotic agents. Pharmacoeconomics 2002;20:413–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvin PM, Knezek LD, Rush AJ, et al. Clinical and economic impact of newer versus older antipsychotic medications in a community mental health center. Clin Ther 1999;21:1105–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haywood TW, Kravitz HM, Grossman LS, et al. Predicting the ‘revolving door’ phenomenon among patients with schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and affective disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:856–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiden PJ, Olfson M. Cost of relapse in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1995;21:419–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan G, Wells KB, Morgenstern H, et al. Identifying modifiable risk factors for rehospitalization: a case-control study of seriously mentally ill persons in Mississippi. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1749–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glazer WM, Ereshefsky L. A pharmacoeconomic model of out-patient antipsychotic therapy in ‘revolving door’ schizophrenic patients. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57:337–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner JF, Prochazka AV. The assessment of refill compliance using pharmacy records: methods, validity, and applications. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:105–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar