A review of the lipid-related effects of fluvastatin

References

• Executive Summary of the Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227–39
   Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki AS, Poston R, Ferro A. The lipid and non-lipid effects of statins. Pharmacol Ther 2003;99:95–112
   Google Scholar
• Asberg A, Holdaas H. Fluvastatin and fluvastatin extended release: a clinical and safety profile. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2004;2:641–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plosker GL, Wagstaff AJ. Fluvastatin; a review of its pharmacology and use in the management of hypercholesterolemia. Drugs 1996;51:433–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langtry HD, Markham A. Fluvastatin: A review of its use in lipid disorders. Drugs 1999;57: 583–606
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsini A. The use of statins in optimizing reduction of cardiovascular risk: focus on fluvastatin. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58: 494–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel S, Dingemanse J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions of fluvastatin and their therapeutic implications. Rev Contemp Pharmacother 1996;7:167–75
   Google Scholar
• Jokubaitis LA. Development and pharmacology of fluvastatin. Br J Clin Pract 1996;77A:11–5
   Google Scholar
• Lennernäs H, Fager G. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors: similarities and differences. Clin Pharmacokinet 1997;32:403–25
   Google Scholar
• Kronbach T, Fischer V, Meyer UA. Cyclosporine metabolism in human liver: identification of a cytochrome P-450III gene family as the major cyclosporine-metabolizing enzyme explains interactions of cyclosporine with other drugs. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;43: 630–35
   Google Scholar
• Kivistö KT, Kantola T, Neuvonen PJ. Different effects of itracon azole on the pharmacokinetic study. Atherosclerosis 1997;134:118–9
   Google Scholar
• Bailey DG, Dresser GK. Interactions between grapefruit juice and cardiovascular drugs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2004;4:281–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMillan K. Considerations in the formulary selection of hydroxy methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors. Am J Health System Pharm 1996;53:2206–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beil S, Pfafferott C, Weber M. Fluvastatin lipid-lowering effect in routine practice conditions (FLIRT): results of a drug surveillance study. Clin Drug Invest 1997;14:146–53
   Google Scholar
• Weiss RJ. Fluvastatin titrate-to-goal clinical practice study. Am J Therap 1998;5:281–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leitersdorf E. Gender-related response to fluvastatin in patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Drugs 1994;47:54–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH. Safety profiles for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, treatment and trust. Drugs 2001;61:197–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsini A, Jacobson TA, Ballantyne CM. Fluvastatin: Clinical and safety profile. Drugs 2004;64:1305–23
   Google Scholar
• Benghozi R, Bortolini M, Jia Y, Isaacsohn JL, Troendle AJ, Gonasun L. Frequency of creatine kinase elevation during treatment with fluvastatin. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:231–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Furberg CD, Ray WA, Weiss NS. Authors’ reply to Bayer’s response to ‘potential for conflict of interest in the evaluation of suspected adverse drug reactions: use of cerivastatin and risk of rhabdomyolysis’. JAMA 2004;292:2658–9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staffa JA, Chang J, Green L. Cerivastatin and reports of fatal rhabdomyolysis. N Engl J Med 2002;346:539–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barilla D, Prasad P, Hubert M, Gumbhir-Shah K. Steady-state pharmacokinetics of fluvastatin in healthy subjects following a new extended release fluvastatin tablet, Lescol^® XL. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2004;25:51–9
   Google Scholar
• Sabia H, Prasad P, Smith HT, Stoltz RR, Rothenberg P. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of an extended-release formulation of fluvastatin administered once daily to patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2001;37:502–11
   Google Scholar
• Olsson AG, Pauciullo P, Soska V, et al. and the fluvastatin Study Group. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin extended-release and immediate-release formulations in the treatment of primary hypercholesterolemia: a randomized trial. Clin Ther 2001;23:45–61
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Pazzucconi F, Pintó X, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of fluvastatin extended-release delivery system: a pooled analysis. Clin Ther 2001;23:177–92
   Google Scholar
• Bruckert E, Liévre M, Giral P, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of extended release fluvastatin in a large cohort of elderly patients. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2003;12:225–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Winkler K, Abletshauser C, Hoffmann MM, et al. Effect of fluvastatin slow-release on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions in patients with type 2 diabetes: baseline LDL profile determines specific mode of action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:5485–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunninghake DB, Davidson M, Knapp HR. An extended-release formulation of fluvastatin 80 mg shows greater efficacy, with comparable tolerability, versus immediate release fluvastatin 40 mg for once-daily treatment of primary hypercholesterolaemia. Br J Cardiol 2002;9: 469–75
   Google Scholar
• Hagen E, Istad H, Ose L, et al. Fluvastatin efficacy and tolerability in comparison and in combination with cholestyramine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994;46:445–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MH, Ballantyne CM, Kerzner B, et al. Ezetimibe Study Group. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe coadministered with statins: randomised placebo-controlled, blinded experience in 2382 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Int J Clin Pract 2004;58: 746–55
   Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP, Wray R, et al. Statin-fibrate combination therapy for hyperlipidaemia: a review. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:155–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wray R, Hemsley D. Statin + fibrate combination therapy – fluvastatin with bezafibrate or ciprofibrate in high risk patients with vascular disease. Int J Cardiol 1999;71:291
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliav O, Schurr D, Pfister P, Friedlander Y, Leitersdorf E. High-dose fluvastatin and bezafibrate combination treatment for hetero zygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:76A–9
   Google Scholar
• Cortellaro M, Confrancesco E, Boschetii C, et al. Effects of fluvastatin and bezafibrate combination on plasma fibrinogen, t-plasminogen activator inhibitor and C- reactive protein levels in coronary artery disease patients with mixed hyperlipidaemia (FACT study). Thromb Haemost 2000;83:549–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitersdorf E, Muratti EN, Eliav O, Peters TK. Efficacy and safety of triple therapy (fluvastatin-bezafibrate-cholestyramine) for severe familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:84A–8
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson TA, Chin MM, Fromell GJ, Jokubaitis LA, Amorosa LF. Fluvastatin with and without niacin for hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 1994;74:149–54
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson TA, Jokubaitis LA, Amorosa LF. Fluvastatin and niacin in hypercholesterolemia: a preliminary report on gender differences in efficacy. Am J Med 1994;96:64S–8
   Google Scholar
• Derosa G, Mugellini A, Ciccarelli L, Fogari R. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of the action of orlistat, fluvastatin, or both an anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, and lipid profile in obese patients with hypercholesterolemia prescribed a standardized diet. Clin Ther 2003;25:1107–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier JS, Taylor A, Boyd F, et al. Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;33:506–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clotet B, Negredo E. HIV protease inhibitors and dyslipidemia. AIDS Rev 2003;5:19–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benesic A, Zilly M, Kluge F, et al. Lipid lowering therapy with fluvastatin and pravastatin in patients with HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy: comparison of efficacy and interaction with indinavir. Infection 2004;32:229–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calza L, Manfredi R, Chiodo F. Statins and fibrates for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia in HIV-infected patients receiving HAART. AIDS 2003;17:851–9
   Google Scholar
• Corsini A. Fluvastatin: Effects beyond cholesterol lowering. J Cardiovasc Pharm Ther 2000;5:161–75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suzumura K, Yasuhara M, Tanaka K, Suzuki T. Protective effect of fluvastatin sodium (XU-62–320), a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, on oxidative mod ification of human low-density lipoprotein in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1999;57:697–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikitake Y, Kawashima S, Takeshita S, et al. Anti-oxidative properties of fluvastatin, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, contribute to prevention of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2001;154:87–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue T, Hayashi M, Takayanagi K, Morooka S. Lipid-lowering therapy with fluvastatin inhibits oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein and improves vascular endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160:369–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto A, Hoshi K, Ichihara K. Fluvastatin, an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, scavenges free radicals and inhibits lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;361: 143–9
   Google Scholar
• Hussein O, Schlezinger S, Rosenblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein (LDL) to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997;128:11–8
   Google Scholar
• Kowalski J, Pawlicki L, Grycewicz J, et al. Plasma antioxidative activity during atorvastatin and fluvastatin therapy used in coronary heart disease primary prevention. Fund Clin Pharmacol 2004;18:93–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshino G, Hirano T, Kazumi T, Takemoto M, Ohashi N. Fluvastatin increases LDL particle size and reduces oxidative stress in patients with hyperlipidemia. J Atheroscler Thromb 2003;10:343–7
   Google Scholar
• Guan JZ, Murakami H, Yamato K, et al. Effects of fluvastatin in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia: reduction in cholesterol oxidation products and VCAM-1. J Atheroscler Thromb 2004;11:56–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussein O, Shneider J, Rosenblat M, Aviram M. Valsartan therapy has additive anti-oxidative effect to that of fluvastatin therapy against low-density lipoprotein oxidation: studies in hyperchol esterolemic and hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002;40:28–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamaguchi Y, Matsumo S, Kagota S, Haginaka J, Kunimoto M. Peroxynitrite-mediated oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein by aqueous extracts of cigarette smoke and the preventive effect of fluvastatin. Atherosclerosis 2004;172:259–65
   Google Scholar
• Marz W, Scharnagl H, Abletshauser C, et al. Fluvastatin lowers atherogenic dense low-density lipoproteins in postmenopausal women with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Circulation 2001;103:1942–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John S, Sclaich M, Langenfeld M, et al. Increased bioavailability of nitric oxide after lipid-lowering therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients. Circulation 1998;87:211–6
   Google Scholar
• Kosch M, Barenbrock M, Suwelack B, Schaefer RM, Rahn KH, Hausberg M. Effect of a 3-year therapy with the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase-inhibitor fluvastatin on endothelial function and distensibility of large arteries in hypercholesterolemic renal transplant recipient. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:1088–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausberg M, Kosch M, Stam F, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on endothelium-dependent brachial artery vasodilation in patients after renal transplantation. Kidney Int 2001;59:1473–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichstadt HW, Escotter H, Hoffmann I, Amthauer HW, Weidinger G. Improvement of myocardial perfusion by short-term fluvastatin therapy in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1995;76:122A–5
   Google Scholar
• Fujimoto K, Hozumi T, Watanable H, et al. Effect of fluvastatin therapy on coronary flow reverse in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1419–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forbat SM, Naoumova RP, Sidhu PS, et al. The effect of cholesterol reduction with fluvastatin on aortic compliance, coronary calcification and carotid intimal-medial thickness: a pilot study. J Cardiovasc Risk 1998;5:1–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaefer CA, Kuhlmann CRW, Gast C, et al. Statins prevent oxidized low-density lipoprotein- and lysophosphatidylcholine-induced proliferation of human endothelial cells. Vasc Pharmacol 2004;41:67–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H, Ikeda U, Shimpo M, Ikeda M, Minota S, Shimada K. Fluvastatin upregulates inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in cytokine-stimulated vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 2000;36:923–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck AO, Seeger H, Lippert TH. Fluvastatin reduces endothelin secretion of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55:625–6
   Google Scholar
• Seeger H, Mueck AO, Lippert TH. Fluvastatin increases prostacyclin and decreases endothelin production by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2000;38:270–2
   Google Scholar
• Blann AD, Belgore FM, Constans J, Conri C, Lip GY. Plasma vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor Flt-1 in patients with hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis and the effects of fluva statin or fenofibrate. Am J Cardiol 2001;87: 1160–3
   Google Scholar
• Kaneta S, Satoh K, Kano S, Kanda M, Ichihara K. All hydrophobic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors induce apoptotic death in rat pulmonary vein endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2003;170:237–43
   Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro M, Higa N, Asahi T, Oshiro Y, Takasu N. Fluvastatin improves endothelial dysfunction in overweight postmenopausal women through small dense low-density lipoprotein reduction. Metabolism 2004;53:733–9
   Google Scholar
• Buemi M, Allegra A, Senatore M, et al. Pro-apoptotic effect of fluvastatin on human smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1999;370:201–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu JH, Tao QM, Chen JZ, Wang XX, Zhu JH, Shang YP. Statins contribute to enhancement of the number and the function of endothelial progenitor cells from peripheral blood. Sheng Li Xue Bao 2004;56:357–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tramontano AF, O’Leary J, Black AD, Muniyappa R, Cutaia MV, El-Sherif N. Statin decreases endothelial microparticle release from human coronary artery endothelial cells: implication for the Rho-kinase pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;320:34–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeger H, Wallwiener D, Mueck AO. Lipid-independent effects of an estrogen-statin combination: inhibition of adhesion molecules and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in human endothelial cell cultures. Climacteric 2001;4: 209–14
   Google Scholar
• Kimura M, Kurose I, Russell J, Granger DN. Effect of fluvastatin on leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion in hypercholesterolemic rats. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:1521–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischetti F, Carretta R, Borotto G, et al. Fluvastatin treatment inhibits leukocyte adhesion and extravasation in models complement-mediated acute inflammation. Clin Exp Immunol 2004;135:186–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothe G, Herr A Stohr J, Abletshauser G, Weidinger G, Schmitz G. A more mature phenotype of blood mononuclear phagocytes is induced by fluvastatin treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:251–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madej A, Kalina Z, Okopie B. The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by cultured macrophages from hyperlipidemic patients treated with fluvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1997;52(Suppl.):76 [abstract]
   Google Scholar
• Rothe G, Elbracht R, Hauser I. Relative decrease of cytotoxic T cells under fluvastatin treatment in kidney transplanted patients. Atherosclerosis 1997;134:282 [abstract]
   Google Scholar
• Inoue I, Goto S, Mizotani K, et al. Lipophilic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor has an anti-inflammatory effect: reduction of mRNA levels for interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and p22phox by regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPRAalpha) in primary endothelial cells. Life Sci 2000;67:863–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiefenbacher CP, Kapitza J, Dietz V, Lee CH, Niroomand F. Reduction of myocardial infarct size by fluvastatin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285:H59–64
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillyard DZ, Jardine AG, McDonald KJ, Cameron AJM. Fluvastatin inhibits raft dependent Fcgamma receptor signalling in human monocytes. Atherosclerosis 2004;172:219–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizos E, Tsimihodimos V, Tambaki A, et al. Effects of antihypertensive and hypolipidemic drugs on plasma and HDL-associated PAF acetyl-hydrolase activity. Atherosclerosis 2002;(Suppl. 3):193 [abstract]
   Google Scholar
• Tambaki AP, Rizos E, Tsimihodimos V, Tselepis AD, Elisaf M. Effects of antihypertensive and hypolipidemic drugs on plasma and high-density lipoprotein-associated platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase activity. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2004;9:91–5
   Google Scholar
• Elisaf M, Tselepis AD. Effect of hypolipidemic drugs on lipoprotein-associated platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase. Implication for atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2003;66:2069–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winkler K, Abletshauser C, Friedrich I, Hoffmann MM, Wieland H, März W. Fluvastatin slow-release lowers platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity: a placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89: 1153–9
   Google Scholar
• Tselepis AD, Chapman MJ. Inflammation, bioactive lipids and atherosclerosis: potential roles of a lipoprotein-associated phospho lipase A2, platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase. Atherosclerosis Suppl 2002;3:57–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Packard CJ, O’Reilly DSJ, Caslake MJ, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as an independent predictor of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2000;343:1148–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Haelst PL, van Doormaal JJ, May JF, Gans RO, Crijns HJ, Tervaert C JW. Secondary prevention with fluvastatin decreases levels of adhesion molecules neopterin and C-reactive protein. Eur J Intern Med 2001;12:503–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Potena L, Frascaroli G, Grigioni F, et al. Hydroxymethyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibition limits cytomegalovirus infection in human endothelial cells. Circulation 2004;109:532–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernini F, Didoni G, Bonfadini G, Bellosta S, Fumagalli R. Requirement for mevalonate in acetylated LDL induction of cholesterol esterification in macrophages. Atherosclerosis 1993;104:19–26
   Google Scholar
• Bernini F, Scurati N, Bonfadini G, Fumagalli R. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce acetyl LDL endocytosis in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1352–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsini A, Mazzotti M, Rairateri M, et al. Relation between mevalonate pathway and arterial myocyte proliferation: In vitro studies with inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase. Atherosclerosis 1993;101:117–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corsini A, Pazzucconi F, Pfister P, Paoletti R, Sirtori CR. Inhibitor of proliferation of arterial smooth-muscle cells by fluvastatin. Lancet 1996;348:1584
   Google Scholar
• Bellosta S, Bernini F, Ferri N, et al. Direct vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Atherosclerosis 1998;137(Suppl.): S101–9
   Google Scholar
• Soma MR, Donetti E, Parolini C, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors: In vivo effects on carotid intimal thickening in normocholesterolemic rabbits. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1993;13:571–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogata Y, Takahashi M, Takeuchi K, et al. Fluvastatin induces apoptosis in rat neonatal myocytes: a possible mechanism of statin-attenuated cardiac hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2002;40:907–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Ikeda U, Shimpo M, et al. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors reduce interleukin-6 synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2002;16:121–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perings SM, Grubert N, Kleinbongard P, et al. Chronic treatment with fluvastatin improves smooth muscle dilatory function in genetically determined hyperlipoproteinemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2004;43:183–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara A, Hayashi M, Ryuzaki M, Handa M, Furukawa T, Saruta T. Fluvastatin prevents development of arterial stiffness in haemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002;17:1513–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichihara A, Hayashi M, Koura Y, Tada Y, Kaneshiro Y, Saruta T. Long-term effects of statins on arterial pressure and stiffness of hypertensives. J Hum Hypertens 2004 Sep 9 [Epub ahead of print] DOI:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001786
   Google Scholar
• Keane WF, Kasiske BL, O’Donnell MP. Lipids and progressive glomerulosclerosis: A model analogous to atherosclerosis. Am J Nephrol 1988;8:261–71
   Google Scholar
• Liberopoulos E, Siamopoulos K, Elisaf M. Apolipoprotein E and renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:223–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease: A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelsson O, Attman PO, Knight-Gibson C, Mulek H, Weiss L, Alaupovic P. Fluvastatin improves lipid abnormalities in patients with moderate to advanced chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:67–75
   Google Scholar
• Yasuda G, Kuji T, Hasegawa K, et al. Safety and efficacy of fluvastatin in hyperlipidemic patients with chronic renal disease. Ren Fail 2004;26:411–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichimaru N, Takahara S, Moriyama T, et al. Pharmacokinetics and lipid-lowering effect of fluvastatin in hypercholesterolaemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. J Int Med Res 2004;32:45–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Y, Cai L. Fluvastatin prevents nephropathy likely through suppression of connective tissue growth factor-mediated extra-cellular matrix accumulation. Exp Mol Pathol 2004;76:66–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada M, Yanagida H, Kuwajima H, Takemura T. Antiproliferative effect of fluvastatin and thiazolidinedione in mesangial cells of diabetic rats. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19:26–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeuchi H, Kuroiwa T, Yamashita S, et al. Fluvastatin reduces renal fibroblast proliferation and production of type III collagen: therapeutic implications for tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Nephron Exp Nephrol 2004;97:e115–22
   Google Scholar
• Kano K, Nishikura K, Yamada Y, Arisaka O. Effect of fluvastatin and dipyridamole on proteinuria and renal function in childhood IgA nephropathy with mild histological findings and moderate proteinuria. Clin Nephrol 2003;60:85–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellosta S, Via D, Canavesi M, et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors reduce MMP-9 secretion by macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998;18:1671–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda U, Shimpo M, Ohki R, et al. Fluvastatin inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Hypertension 2000;36:325–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayashidani S, Tsutsui H, Shiomi T, et al. Fluvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, attenuates left ventricular remodeling and failure after experimental myocardial infarction. Circulation 2002;105:868–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel G, Abletshauser C, Malmsten M, Schmidt A, Winkler K. Reduction of arteriosclerotic nanoplaque formation and size by fluvastatin in a receptor-based biosensor model. Cardiovasc Res 2003;58:696–705
   Google Scholar
• Kadoglou NP, Daskalopoulou SS, Perrea D, Liapis CD. The role of matrix metalloproteinases in diabetic vascular complications. Angiology 2005; [in press]
   Google Scholar
• Osamah H, Mira R, Sorina S, Shlomo K, Michael A. Reduced platelet aggregation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with altered platelet composition and drug binding to platelets. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:77–83
   Google Scholar
• Kirk G, McLaren M, Muir AH, Stonebridge PA, Belch JJ. Decrease in P-selectin levels in patients with hypercholesterolaemia and peripheral arterial occlusive disease after lipid-lowering treatment. Vasc Med 1999;4:23–6
   Google Scholar
• Puccetti L, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, et al. Time-dependent effect of statins on platelet function in hypercholesterolaemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2002;32:901–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Platelets and lipid lowering interventions. Platelets 1999;10:357–67
   Google Scholar
• Baetta R, Camera M, Comparato C, Altana C, Ezekowitz MD, Tremoli E. Fluvastatin reduces tissue factor expression and macrophage accumulation in carotid lesions of cholesterol-fed rabbits in the absence of lipid lowering. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:692–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camera M, Toschi V, Comparato C, et al. Cholesterol-induced thrombogenicity of the vessel wall: inhibitory effect of fluvastatin. Thromb Haemost 2002;87:748–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan KC, Janus ED, Lam KS. Effects of fluvastatin on prothrombotic and fibrinolytic factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol 1999;84;934–7
   Google Scholar
• Lopez S, Peiretti F, Bonardo B, Juhan-Vague I, Nalbone G. Effect of atorvastatin and fluvastatin on the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 in cultured human endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2000;152: 359–66
   Google Scholar
• Wiesbauer F, Kaun C, Zorn G, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors affect the fibrinolytic system of human vascular cells in vitro: a comparative study using different statins. Br J Pharmacol 2002;135:284–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussoni L, Banfi C, Sironi L, Arpaia M, Tremoli E. Fluvastatin inhibits basal and stimulated plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, but induces tissue type plasminogen activator in cultured human endothelial cells. Thromb Haemost 2000;84: 59–64
   Google Scholar
• Stecc JJ, Silbershatz H, Tofler GH, et al. Association of fibrinogen with cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring population. Circulation 2000;102:1634–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizos E, Miltiadous G, Elisaf M. The effect of fluvastatin on plasma fibrinogen levels. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;3:154–5
   Google Scholar
• Rosenson RS, Tangney CC, Schaefer EJ. Comparative study of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors on fibrinogen. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:463–6
   Google Scholar
• Gottsater A, Anwaar I, Lind P, Mattiasson I, Lindgarde F. Increasing plasma fibrinogen, but unchanged levels of intraplatelet cyclic nucleotides, plasma endothelin-1, factor VII, and neopterin during cholesterol lowering with fluvastatin. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1999;10: 133–40
   Google Scholar
• Goudevenos JA, Bairaktari ET, Chatzidimou KG, Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoprotein (a) and plasma fibrinogen levels in primary dyslipidaemia – a pilot study involving serial sampling. Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16:269–75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES, Jagroop IA, Winder AF, Mikhailidis DP. Statin + fibrate combination therapy: Fluvastatin with bezafibrate or ciprofibrate in high risk patients with vascular disease. Int J Cardiol 1999;40:265–71
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara DE, Liu X, Espinola RG, et al. Inhibition of the thrombogenic and inflammatory properties of antiphospholipid antibodies by fluvastatin in an in vivo animal model. Arthritis Rheum 2003;11:3272–9
   Google Scholar
• Ferrara DE, Swerlick R, Casper K, et al. Fluvastatin inhibits up-regulation of tissue factor expression by antiphospholipid antibodies on endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2004;2:1558–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusama T, Mukai M, Iwasaki T, et al. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase inhibitors reduce human pancreatic cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Gastroenterology 2002;122;308–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paragh G, Kertai P, Kovacs P, Paragh Jr G, Fulop P, Foris G. HMG CoA reductase inhibitor fluvastatin arrests the development of implanted hepatocarcinoma in rats. Anticancer Res 2003;23:3949–54
   Google Scholar
• Soma MR, Parolini C, Donetti E, Fumagalli R, Paoletti R. Inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis and arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1995;25:20–4
   Google Scholar
• Bandoh T, Mitani H, Niíhashi M, et al. Inhibitory effect of fluvastatin at doses insufficient to lower serum lipids on the catheter-induced thickening of intima in rabbit femoral artery. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;315:37–42
   Google Scholar
• Serruys PW, Foley DP, Jackson G, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluvastatin for prevention of restenosis after successful coronary balloon angioplasty: final results of the fluvastatin angiographic restenosis (FLARE) trial. Eur Heart J 1999;20:58–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd GW, Jackson G, Foley DP, Boersma E, Shepherd J, Serruys PW. The influence of plasma lipoprotein (a) on angiographic restenosis and coronary events in patients undergoing planned coronary balloon angioplasty. Ancillary analysis of the Fluvastatin angioplasty restenosis (FLARE) trial. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:445–54
   Google Scholar
• Herd JA, Ballantyne CM, Farmer GA, et al. Effects of fluvastatin on coronary atherosclerosis in patients with mild to moderate cholesterol elevations (lipoprotein and coronary atherosclerosis study [LCAS]). Am J Cardiol 1997;80:278–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Herd A, Ferlic LL, et al. Influence of low HDL on progression of coronary artery disease and response to fluvastatin therapy. Circulation 1999;99:736–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riegger G, Abletshauser C, Ludwig M, et al. The effects of fluvastatin on cardiac events in patients with symptomatic coronary artery disease during one year of treatment. Atherosclerosis 1999;144:263–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serruys PWJ, Feyter P, Macaya C, et al. Fluvastatin for prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;287:3215–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messerli AW, Aronow HD, Sprecher DL. Start all patients on statins early after PCI. Clev Clin J Med 2003;70:561–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, de Feyter P, Serruys PW, et al. Beneficial effects of fluvastatin following percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with unstable and stable angina: results from the Lescol intervention prevention study (LIPS). Heart 2004;90:1156–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesaffre E, Kocmanová D, Lemos PA, Disco CMC, Serruys PW. A retrospective analysis of the effect of noncompliance on time to first major adverse cardiac event in LIPS. Clin Ther 2003;25:2431–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuffham PA, Chaplin S. An economic evaluation of fluvastatin used for the prevention of cardiac events following successful first percutaneous coronary intervention in the UK. Pharmacoeconomics 2004;22:525–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saia F, de Feyter P, Serruys PW, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on long-term outcome after coronary revascularization with stent implantation. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:92–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne CM, Riegger G, Moore N, Saia F, Serruys PWJC. Fluvastatin reduces cardiac mortality in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2004;18:67–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem AH, van Bowen AJ, Veeger NJ, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on ischaemia following acute myocardial infraction: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 2002;23:1931–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedblad B, Wikstrand J, Janzon L, Wedel H, Berglund G. Low-dose metoprolol CR/XL and fluvastatin slow progression of carotid intima-media thickness: Main results from the Beta-Blocker Cholesterol-Lowering Asymptomatic Plaque Study (BCAPS). Circulation 2001;103:1721–6
   Google Scholar
• Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Brzosko S, Pawlak K, Mysliwiec M. Effects of fluvastatin on homocysteine and serum lipids in kidney allograft recipients. Ann Transplant 2002;7:52–4
   Google Scholar
• Turk S, Yildiz A, Tukek T, et al. The effect of fluvastatin of hyperlipidemia in renal transplant recipients: a prospective, placebo-controlled stud. Int Urol Nephrol 2001;32:713–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tokumoto T, Tanabe K, Ishida H, et al. Impact of fluvastatin on hyperlipidemia after renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2004;36:2141–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaas H, Fellström B, Jardine AG, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2024–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jardine AG, Holdaas H, Fellström B, et al. Fluvastatin prevents cardiac death and myocardial infarction in renal transplant recipients: post-hoc subgroup analyses of the ALERT study. Am J Transplant 2004;4:988–95
   Google Scholar
• Jardine A, Holdaas H. Fluvastatin in combination with cyclosporin in renal transplant recipients: a review of clinical and safety experience. J Clin Pharm Ther 1999;24:397–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergoulas G, Miserlis G, Solonaki F, et al. Combined treatment of hypercholesterolemia of renal transplant allograft recipients with fluvastatin and gemfibrozil. Transpl Int 2000;13\(Suppl. 1):S64–7
   Google Scholar
• Wierzbicki AS. The role of lipid lowering in transplantation. Int J Clin Pract 1999;53:54–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holdaas H, Jardine AG, Wheeler DC, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on acute renal allograft rejection: a randomized multicenter trial. Kidney Int 2001;60:1990–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellstrom B, Holdaas H, Jardine AG, et al. Effect of fluvastatin on renal end points in the Assessment of Lescol in Renal Transplant (ALERT) trial. Kidney Int 2004;66:1549–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstadinidou I, Boletis JN, Perrea D, et al. Beneficial effects of fluvastatin on progressive renal allograft dysfunction. Transplant Proc 2003;35:1364–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daskalopoulou SS, Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Uric acid levels and vascular disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:951–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Elisaf M, Papageorgiou AA, et al. GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidemia on serum uric acid levels in patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2004;43:589–99
   Google Scholar
• Youssef F, Gupta P, Seifalian AM, Myint F, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. The effect of short-term treatment with simvastatin on renal function in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Angiology 2004;55:53–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, Sleigh P, Peto R; Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361: 2005–16
   Google Scholar
• Tsirpanlis G, Boufidou F, Manganas S, et al. Treatment with Fluvastatin Rapidly Modulates, via Different Pathways, and in Dependence on the Baseline Level, Inflammation in Hemodialysis Patients. Blood Purif 2004;22:518–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderssen SA, Hjeistuen AK, Hjermann I, Bjerkan K, Holme I. Fluvastatin and lifestyle modification for reduction of carotid intima-media thickness and left ventricular mass progression in drug-treated hypertensives. Atherosclerosis 2004; [in press]
   Google Scholar
• Daskalopoulou SS, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M. Prevention and treatment of the metabolic syndrome. Angiology 2004;55:589–612
   Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Landray M, Warren M. Statin therapy in kidney disease populations: potential benefits beyond lipid lowering and the need for clinical trials. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004;13:601–5
   Google Scholar