Cardiac pacemaker /_f current and its inhibition by heart rate-reducing agents

References

• Brown HF, DiFrancesco D, Noble SJ. How does adrenaline accelerate the heart? Nature 1979;280:235–36
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. The cardiac hyperpolarizing-activated current, If. Origins and developments. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 1985;46:163–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Characterization of single pacemaker channels in cardiac sino-atrial node cells. Nature 1986;324:470–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accili EA, Proenza C, Baruscotti M, et al. From funny current to HCN channels: 20 years of excitation. News Physiol Sci 2002;17:32–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Altomare C, Bucchi A, Camatini E, et al. Integrated allosteric model of voltage gating of HCN channels. J Gen Physiol 2001;117:519–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze-Bahr E, Neu A, Friederich P, et al. Pacemaker channel dysfunction in a patient with sinus node disease. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1537–45
   Google Scholar
• Ludwig A, Budde T, Stieber J, et al. Absence epilepsy and sinus dysrhythmia in mice lacking the pacemaker channel HCN2. EMBO J 2003;22:216–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro B, Tibbs GR. The HCN gene family: molecular basis of the hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channels. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999;868:741–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig A, Zong X, Hofmann F, et al. Structure and function of cardiac pacemaker channels. Cell Physiol Biochem 1999;9:179–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaupp UB, Seifert R. Molecular diversity of pacemaker ion channels. Annu Rev Physiol 2001;63:235–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson RB, Siegelbaum SA. Hyperpolarization-activated cation currents: from molecules to physiological function. Annu Rev Physiol 2003;65:453–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Pacemaker mechanisms in cardiac tissue. Annu Rev Physiol 1993;55:455–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. A study of the ionic nature of the pace-maker current in calf Purkinje fibres. J Physiol (Lond) 1981;314: 377–93
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Ferroni A, Mazzanti M, et al. Properties of the hyperpolarizing-activated current (If) in cells isolated from the rabbit sino-atrial node. J Physiol (Lond) 1986;377:61–88
   Google Scholar
• Pape HC. Queer current and pacemaker: the hyperpolarization-activated cation current in neurons. Annu Rev Physiol 1996;58:299–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accili EA, Robinson RB, DiFrancesco D. Properties and modulation of the I_f current in newborn versus adult cardiac SA node. Am J Physiol 1997;272:H1549–52
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Tromba C. Muscarinic control of the hyperpolarization-activated current (If) in rabbit sino-atrial node myocytes. J Physiol 1988;405:493–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Tromba C. Acetylcholine inhibits activation of the cardiac hyperpolarizing-activated current, If. Pflügers Arch 1987;410:139–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Tortora P. Direct activation of cardiac pacemaker channels by intracellular cyclic AMP. Nature 1991;351:145–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D, Mangoni M. Modulation of single hyperpolarization-activated channels (If) by cAMP in the rabbit sino-atrial node. J Physiol 1994;474:473–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig A, Zong X, Jeglitsch M, et al. A family of hyperpolarization-activated mammalian cation channels. Nature 1998;393:587–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig A, Zong X, Stieber J, et al. Two pacemaker channels from human heart with profoundly different activation kinetics. EMBO J 1999;18:2323–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccari T, Moroni A, Rocchi M, et al. The human gene coding for HCN2, a pacemaker channel of the heart. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1446:419–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii TM, Takano M, Xie LH, et al. Molecular characterization of the hyperpolarization-activated cation channel in rabbit heart sinoatrial node. J Biol Chem 1999;274:12835–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seifert R, Scholten A, Gauss R, et al. Molecular characterization of a slowly gating human hyperpolarization-activated channel predominantly expressed in thalamus, heart, and testis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:9391–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro B, Grant SG, Bartsch D, et al. Interactive cloning with the SH3 domain of N-src identifies a new brain specific ion channel protein, with homology to Eag and cyclic nucleotide– gated channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997;94:14815–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santoro B, Liu DT, Yao H, et al. Identification of a gene encoding a hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker channel of brain. Cell 1998;93:717–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbuti A, Baruscotti M, Altomare C, et al. Action of internal pronase on the f-channel kinetics in the rabbit SA node. J Physiol (Lond) 1999;520:737–44
   Google Scholar
• Wainger BJ, DeGennaro M, Santoro B, et al. Molecular mechanism of cAMP modulation of HCN pacemaker channels. Nature 2001;411:805–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen S, Siegelbaum SA. Regulation of hyperpolarization-activated HCN channel gating and cAMP modulation due to interactions of COOH terminus and core transmembrane regions. J Gen Physiol 2001;118:237–50
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Dual allosteric modulation of pacemaker (f) channels by cAMP and voltage in rabbit SA node. J Physiol (Lond) 1999;515:367–76
   Google Scholar
• Viscomi C, Altomare C, Bucchi A, et al. C terminus-mediated control of voltage and cAMP gating of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. J Biol Chem 2001;276:29930–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrikson CA, Xue T, Dong P, et al. Identification of a surface charged residue in the S3–S4 linker of the pacemaker (HCN) channel that influences activation gating. J Biol Chem 2003;278:13647–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue T, Li RA. An external determinant in the S5–P linker of the pacemaker (HCN) channel identified by sulfhydryl modification. J Biol Chem 2002;277:46233–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulens C, Tytgat J. Functional heteromerization of HCN1 and HCN2 pacemaker channels. J Biol Chem 2001;276:6069–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Wang J, Siegelbaum SA. Properties of hyperpolarization-activated pacemaker current defined by coassembly of HCN1 and HCN2 subunits and basal modulation by cyclic nucleotide. J Gen Physiol 2001;117: 491–504
   Google Scholar
• Er F, Larbig R, Ludwig A, et al. Dominant-negative suppression of HCN channels markedly reduces the native pacemaker current I(f) and undermines spontaneous beating of neonatal cardiomyocytes. Circulation 2003;107:485–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proenza C, Tran N, Angoli D, et al. Different roles for the cyclic nucleotide binding domain and amino terminus in assembly and expression of hyperpolarization-activated, cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. J Biol Chem 2002;277:29634–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Much B, Wahl-Schott C, Zong X, et al. Role of subunit heteromerization and N-linked glycosylation in the formation of functional hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. J Biol Chem 2003;278:43781–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altomare C, Terragni B, Brioschi C, et al. Heteromeric HCN1– HCN4 channels: a comparison with native pacemaker channels from the rabbit sinoatrial node. J Physiol (Lond) 2003;549:347–59
   Google Scholar
• Kobinger W, Lillie C, Pichler L. Cardiovascular actions of N-allylclonidine (ST 567), a substance with specific bradycardic action. Eur J Pharmacol 1979;58: 141–50
   Google Scholar
• Doerr T, Trautwein W. On the mechanism of the ‘specific bradycardic action’ of the verapamil derivative UL-FS 49. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1990;341:331–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bogaert PP, Goethals M, Simoens C. Use- and frequency-dependent blockade by UL-FS 49 of the If pacemaker current in sheep cardiac Purkinje fibres. Eur J Pharmacol 1990;187: 241–56
   Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Some properties of the UL-FS 49 block of the hyperpolarization-activated current (If) in sino-atrial node myocytes. Pflügers Arch 1994;427:64–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiFrancesco D. Block and activation of the pacemaker If channel in calf Purkinje fibres: effects of potassium, caesium and rubidium. J Physiol 1982;329:485–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchi A, Baruscotti M, DiFrancesco D. Current-dependent block of rabbit sino-atrial node I_f channels by ivabradine. J Gen Physiol 2002;120:1–13
   Google Scholar
• Hille B. Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes, 3rd edn. Sunderland, Mass: Sinauer, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Doyle DA, Morais Cabral J, Pfuetzner RA, et al. The structure of the potassium channel: molecular basis of K+ conduction and selectivity. Science 1998;280:69–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Lee A, Chen J, et al. X-ray structure of a voltage-dependent K+ channel. Nature 2003;423:33–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucchi A, Baruscotti M, Robinson RB, et al. If-dependent modulation of pacemaker rate mediated by cAMP in the presence of ryanodine in rabbit sino-atrial node cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2003;35:905–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar