Primary prevention trials: lessons learned about treating high-risk patients with dyslipidemia without known cardiovascular disease

References

• American Heart Association heart disease and stroke statistics – 2005 update [online]. Available from www.americanheart.org/ downloadable/heart/1105390918119HDSStats2005Update.pdf [accessed 4 February 2005]
   Google Scholar
• Gumbiner B, Andresen EM, Hearne FT, et al. Metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a working population: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49:267–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas F, Bean K, Guize L, et al. Combined effects of systolic blood pressure and serum cholesterol on cardiovascular mortality in young (< 55 years) men and women. Eur Heart J 2002;23:528–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neaton JD, Wentworth D, for the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Serum cholesterol, blood pressure, cigarette smoking, and death from coronary heart disease. Overall findings and differences by age for 316 099 white men. Arch Intern Med 1992;152: 56–64
   Google Scholar
• Winkleby MA, Kraemer HC, Ahn DK, et al. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors: findings for women from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. J Am Med Assoc 1998;280:356–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicks LS, Fairchild DG, Cook EF, et al. Association of region of residence and immigrant status with hypertension, renal failure, cardiovascular disease, and stroke, among African-American participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Ethn Dis 2003;13:316–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, et al. Serum total cholesterol concentrations and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolemia among US adults: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2000. Circulation 2003;107:2185–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy RM, Pyorala K, Fitzgerald AP, et al. Estimation of ten-year risk of fatal cardiovascular disease in Europe: the SCORE project. Eur Heart J 2003;24:987–1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Society of Hypertension. 2003 European Society of Hypertension–European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003;21:1011–53
   Google Scholar
• De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice [Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice]. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1601–10
   Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CNB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henkin Y, Shai I, Zuk R, et al. Dietary treatment of hypercholesterolemia: do dietitians do it better? A randomized, controlled trial. Am J Med 2000;109:549–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, et al. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:459–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:2981–97
   Google Scholar
• Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD, et al. Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents: A network meta-analysis. J Am Med Assoc 2003;289:2534–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia [West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group]. New Engl J Med 1995;333:1301–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS [Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study]. J Am Med Assoc 1998;279:1615–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic, hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHATLLT). J Am Med Assoc 2002;288:2998–3007
   Google Scholar
• Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT – LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Armitage J, Parish S, et al. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin in 5963 people with diabetes: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:2005–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sdringola S, Nakagawa K, Nakagawa Y, et al. Combined intense lifestyle and pharmacologic lipid treatment further reduce coronary events and myocardial perfusion abnormalities compared with usual-care cholesterol-lowering drugs in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:263–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2003;348:383–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadar S, Lim HS, Beevers DG, et al. Lipid lowering in hypertension and heart protection: observations from the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (ASCOT) and the Heart Protection Study. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16:815–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar