Do strong opioids have a role in the early management of back pain? Recommendations from a European expert panel

References

• Woolf AD, Pfleger B. Burden of major musculoskeletal conditions. Bull WHO 2003;81:646–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Koes BW, Bouter LM. A cost-of-illness study of back pain in The Netherlands. Pain 1995;62:233–40
   Google Scholar
• Maetzel A, Li L. The economic burden of low back pain: a review of studies published between 1996 and 2001. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16:23–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Mayer TG. The dominant role of psychosocial risk factors in the development of chronic low back pain disability. Spine 1995;20:2702–9
   Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Bombardier C, et al. Back schools for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2: CD000261
   Google Scholar
• Schonstein E, Kenny DT, Keating J, et al. Work conditioning, work hardening and functional restoration for workers with back and neck pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;1: CD001822
   Google Scholar
• Passik SD, Weinreb HJ. Managing chronic nonmalignant pain: overcoming obstacles to the use of opioids. Adv Ther 2000; 17:70–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalso E, Allan L, Dellemijn PLI, et al. Recommendations for using opioids in chronic non-cancer pain. Eur J Pain 2003;7:381–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inturrisi CE. Clinical pharmacology of opioids for pain. Clin J Pain 2002;18:S3–S13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuay H. Opioids in pain management. Lancet 1999;353: 2229–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou R, Clark E, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of long-acting oral opioids for chronic non-cancer pain: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;26:1026–48
   Google Scholar
• Moore A, Edwards J, Barden J, et al. Bandolier's little book of pain. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003
   Google Scholar
• Hale ME, Dvergsten C, Gimbel J. Efficacy and safety of oxymorphone extended release in chronic low back pain: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled Phase III study. J Pain 2005;6:21–8
   Google Scholar
• Bartleson JD. Evidence for and against the use of opioid analgesics for chronic nonmalignant low back pain: a review. Pain Medicine 2002;3:260–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Max M. Methodological issues in the design of analgesic clinical trials. In: Max M, editor. Pain 1999: an updated review. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 1999
   Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW. Low back pain: summary of systematic reviews and clinical guidelines. In: Giamberardino MA, editor. Pain 2002: an updated review. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 2002
   Google Scholar
• Gatchel RJ, Polatin PB, Noe C, et al. Treatment- and cost- effectiveness of early intervention for acute low-back pain patients: a one-year prospective study. J Occup Rehabil 2003; 13:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier C, Hildebrandt J, Klinger R, et al. Morphine responsiveness, efficacy and tolerability in patients with chronic non-tumor associated pain - results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial (MONTAS). Pain 2002;97:223–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin DE, Iezzi A, Amireh R, et al. Randomized trial of oral morphine for chronic non-cancer pain. Lancet 1996;347: 143–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown RL, Fleming MF, Patterson DO. Chronic opioid analgesic therapy for chronic low back pain. J Am Board Fam Pract 1996;9:191–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hale ME, Fleischmann R, Salzman R, et al. Efficacy and safety of controlled-release versus immediate-release oxycodone: randomized, double-blind evaluation in patients with chronic back pain. Clin J Pain 1999;15:179–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, et al. Opioid therapy for chronic noncancer back pain. A randomized prospective study. Spine 1998;23:2591–600
   Google Scholar
• Schnitzer TJ, Gray WL, Paster Z, et al. Efficacy of tramadol in treatment of chronic low back pain. J Rheumatol 2000;27: 772–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantyne JC, Mao J. Opioid therapy for chronic pain. New Engl J Med 2003;349:1943–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen J, Jensen MK, Sj0gren P, et al. Epidemiology of chronic non-malignant pain in Denmark. Pain 2003;106:221–8
   Google Scholar
• Linton SJ, Andersson T. Can chronic disability be prevented? A randomized trial of a cognitive-behaviour intervention and two forms of information for patients with spinal pain. Spine 2000;25:2831
   Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Esmail R, et al. Exercise therapy for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2: CD000335
   Google Scholar
• Rashiq S, Koller M, Haykowsky M, et al. The effect of opioid analgesia on exercise test performance in chronic low back pain. Pain 2003;106:119–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furlan AD, Brosseau L, Imamura M, et al. Massage for low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002;2:CD001929
   Google Scholar
• Jarvik JG, Deyo RA. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:586–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogduk N, McGuirk B. Medical management of acute and chronic low back pain. An evidence based approach. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2002
   Google Scholar
• Sabatowski R, Schwalen S, Rettig K, et al. Driving ability under long-term treatment with transdermal fentanyl. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;25:38–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman SM, Bandman TB, Edwards A, et al. The opioid contract in the management of chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18:27–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Diehl AK, Rosenthal M. Reducing roentgenography use: can patient expectations be altered? Arch Intern Med 1987;147:141–5
   Google Scholar
• Burchman SL, Pagel PS. Implementation of a formal treatment agreement for outpatient management of chronic nonmalignant pain with opioid analgesics. J Pain Symptom Manage 1995; 10:556–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vainio A, Ollila J, Matikainan E, et al. Driving ability in cancer patients receiving long-term morphine analgesia. Lancet 1994;346:667–70
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamison RN, Schein JR, Vallow S, et al. Neuropsychological effects of long-term opioid use in chronic pain patients. J Pain Symptom Manage 2003;26:913–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzman RT, Roberts MS, Wild J, et al. Can a controlled-release oral dose form of oxycodone be used as readily as an immediate- release form for the purpose of titrating to stable pain control? J Pain Symptom Manage 1999;18:271–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepstad P, Kaasa S, Jystad A, et al. Immediate- or sustained- release morphine for dose finding during start of morphine to cancer patients: a randomized, double-blind trial. Pain 2003;101:193–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan L, Simpson K, Slappendel R, et al. Transdermal fentanyl versus sustained release oral morphine in strong-opioid naive patients with chronic low back pain. Spine [in press]
   Google Scholar
• Brevik H, Campbell W, Eccleston C. Clinical pain management. London: Arnold; 2003
   Google Scholar
• Schofferman J. Long-term opioid analgesic therapy for severe refractory lumbar spine pain. Clin J Pain 1999;15:136–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan R, Parris WCV, Citron ML, et al. Comparison of controlled-release and immediate-release oxycodone tablets in patients with cancer pain. J Clin Oncol 1998;16:3230–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Homesley HD. Morphine: immediate release vs. controlled release. N C Med J 1989;50:390–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hays H, Hagen N, Thirlwell M, et al. Comparative clinical efficacy and safety of immediate release and controlled release hydromorphone for chronic severe cancer pain. Cancer 1994;74:1808–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosinski MR, Schein JR, Vallow SM, et al. An observational study of health-related quality of life and pain outcomes in chronic low back pain patients treated with fentanyl transdermal system. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:849–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allan L, Hays H, Jensen N-H, et al. Randomised crossover trial of transdermal fentanyl and sustained release oral morphine for treating chronic non-cancer pain. Br Med J 2001;322:1154–8
   Google Scholar
• McQuay H, Tramer M, Nye BA, et al. A systematic review of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. Pain 1996;68:217–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. Efficacy of pharmacological treatments of neuropathic pain: an update and effect related to mechanism of drug action. Pain 1999;83:389–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner JA, Denny MC. Do antidepressant medications relieve chronic low back pain? J Fam Pract 1993;37:545–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browning R, Jackson JL, O'Malley PG. Cyclobenzaprine and back pain: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 2001;161: 1613–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry D, Lim LL, Garcia Rodriguez LA, et al. Variability in risk of gastrointestinal complications with individual non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: results of a collaborative meta-analysis. Br Med J 1996;312:1563–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuay H, Moore RA. Side effects of COX-2 inhibitors and other NSAIDs. 10th World Congress on Pain, San Diego, USA, 2002
   Google Scholar
• van Tulder MW, Scholten RJPM, Koes BW, et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain (Cochrane review). The Cochrane library, issue 3, Oxford: Update Software Ltd; 2003
   Google Scholar
• Koes BW, Scholten RJPM, Mens JMA, et al. Efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain: a systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56:214–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward SE, Gordon DB. Patient satisfaction and pain severity as outcomes in pain management: a longitudinal view of one setting's experience. J Pain Symptom Manage 2004;11:242–51
   Google Scholar
• Rowbotham MC. What is a ‘clinically meaningful' reduction in pain? Pain 2001;94:131–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar JT, Portenoy RK, Berlin JA, et al. Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures. Pain 2001;88:287–94
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruta DA, Garratt AM, Russell IT. Patient centred assessment of quality of life for patients with four common conditions. Qual Health Care 1999;8:22–9
   Google Scholar
• Deyo RA, Battie M, Beurskens AJ, et al. Outcome measures for low back pain research. A proposal for standardized use. Spine 1998;23:2003–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendreau M, Hufford MR, Stone AA. Measuring clinical pain in chronic widespread pain: selected methodological issues. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2003;17:575–92
   Google Scholar
• Haas M, Nyiendo J, Aickin M. One-year trend in pain and disability relief recall in acute and chronic ambulatory low back pain patients. Pain 2002;95:83–91
   Google Scholar
• Daut RL, Cleeland CS, Flannery RC. Development of the Wisconsin brief pain questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other disease. Pain 1983;17:197–210
   Google Scholar
• Fairbank J. Revised Oswestry disability questionnaire. Spine 2000;25:2552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers WH, Wittink HM, Ashburn MA, et al. Using the ‘TOPS' an outcomes instrument for multidisciplinary outpatient pain treatment. Pain Med 2000;1:55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware JR, Sherbourne CD. The MOS 36 item Short Form health survey (SF36): framework and item selection. Med Care 1992;30:473–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983;67:361–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland M, Morris R. A study of the natural history of back pain. Part I: development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low-back pain. Spine 2004;8:141–4
   Google Scholar
• Bellamy N, Buchanan WW, Goldsmith CH. Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee or hip. J Rheumatol 1988;15:1833–40
   Google Scholar
• Atlas SJ, Deyo RA, Patrick DL, et al. The Quebec Task Force classification for spinal disorders and the severity, treatment, and outcomes of sciatica and lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine 1996;21:2885–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schofferman J, Diamond N, Oill PA, et al. Use of the telephone for short-term follow-up. Med Care 1977;15:430–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stannard C, Johnson M. Chronic pain management - can we do better? An interview-based survey in primary care. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:703–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar