Progress in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: new pharmacologic approaches to improve glycemic control

References

• Hogan P, Dall T, Nikolov P; for the American Diabetes Association. Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002. Diabetes Care 2003;26: 917–32
   Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes: scientific review. JAMA 2002;287:360–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild S, Roglic C, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352: 854–65
   Google Scholar
• Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995;28:103–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317: 703–13
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes – 2006. Diabetes Care 2006;29\(Suppl 1):S4–42. Erratum in: Diabetes Care 2006;29: 1192
   Google Scholar
• American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: the AACE system of intensive diabetes self-management – 2002 update. Endocr Pract 2000;6:43–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnett AH. Treating to goal: challenges of current management. Eur J Endocrinol 2004;151(Suppl 2):T3–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook MN, Girman CJ, Stein PP, et al. Glycemic control continues to deteriorate after sulfonylureas are added to metformin among patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:995–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle MC. Glycemic management of type 2 diabetes: an emerging strategy with oral agents, insulins, and combinations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2005;34:77–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeWitt DE, Hirsch IB. Outpatient insulin therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: scientific review. JAMA 2003;289:2254–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luna B, Feinglos MN. Oral agents in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am Fam Physician 2001;63:1747–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrén B. Type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion and beta-cell mass. Curr Mol Med 2005;5:275–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al; for the STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. JAMA 2003;290:486–94
   Google Scholar
• Krentz AJ, Bailey CJ. Oral antidiabetic agents: current role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs 2005;65:385–411
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Translation of the diabetes nutrition recommendations for health care institutions. Diabetes Care 1997;20:106–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinker LF, Heins JM, Holler HJ. Commentary and translation: 1994 nutrition recommendations for diabetes: Diabetes Care and Education, a Practice Group of the American Diabetes Association. J Am Diet Assoc 1994;94: 507–11
   Google Scholar
• Turner RC, Cull CA, Frighi V, Holman RR. Glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: progressive requirement for multiple therapies (UKPDS 49). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. JAMA 1999;281:2005–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathan DM, Buse JB, Davidson MB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a consensus algorithm for the initiation and adjustment of therapy: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1963–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade DE, Jovanovic L, Schneider J. A placebo-controlled, randomized study of glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus for whom diet therapy is unsuccessful. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38: 636–41
   Google Scholar
• Simonson DC, Kourides IA, Feinglos M, et al. Efficacy, safety, and dose-response characteristics of glipizide gastrointestinal therapeutic system on glycemic control and insulin secretion in NIDDM: results of two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. The Glipizide Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System Study Group. Diabetes Care 1997;20:597–606
   Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837–53. Erratum in: Lancet 1999;354: 602
   Google Scholar
• Chuang LM, Tsai ST, Huang BY, et al; for the Diabcare-Asia 1998 Study Group. The status of diabetes control in Asia – a cross-sectional survey of 24 317 patients with diabetes mellitus in 1998. Diabet Med 2002;19: 978–85
   Google Scholar
• Harris MI, Eastman RC, Cowie CC, et al. Racial and ethnic differences in glycemic control of adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22:403–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hare JP, Raymond NT, Mughal S, et al; for the UKADS Study Group. Evaluation of delivery of enhanced diabetes care to patients of South Asian ethnicity: the United Kingdom Asian Diabetes Study (UKADS). Diabet Med 2004;21:1357–65
   Google Scholar
• Kolata GB. The phenformin ban: is the drug an imminent hazard? Science 1979;203:1094–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall DM. Thiazolidinediones: the case for early use. Diabetes Care 2006;29:154–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2427–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng AY, Fantus GI. Oral antihyperglycemic therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. CMAJ 2005;172:213–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Hunt JA et al. The efficacy of acarbose in the treatment of patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A multicenter controlled clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:928–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimmel B, Inzucchi SE. Oral agents for type 2 diabetes: an update. Clin Diabetes 2005;23:64–76
   Google Scholar
• Saydah SH, Fradkin J, Cowie CC. Poor control of risk factors for vascular disease among adults with previously diagnosed diabetes. JAMA 2004;291:335–42
   Google Scholar
• Khaw KT, Wareham N, Luben R, et al. Glycated haemogloblin, diabetes, and mortality in men in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-Norfolk). BMJ 2001;322:15–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA, et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000;321:405–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:383–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Prato S, Felton AM, Munro N, et al; for the Global Partnership for Effective Diabetes Management. Improving glucose management: ten steps to get more patients with type 2 diabetes to glycaemic goal. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59: 1345–55
   Google Scholar
• Garratt KN, Brady PA, Hassinger NL, et al. Sulfonylurea drugs increase early mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus after direct angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:119–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JA, Majumdar SR, Simpson SH, Toth EL. Decreased mortality associated with the use of metformin compared with sulfonylurea monotherapy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002;25:2244–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klamann A, Sarfert P, Launhardt V, et al. Myocardial infarction in diabetic vs non-diabetic subjects. Survival and infarct size following therapy with sulfonylureas (glibenclamide). Eur Heart J 2000;21:220–9
   Google Scholar
• Halkin A, Roth A, Jonas M, Behar S. Sulfonylureas are not associated with increased mortality in diabetics treated with thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2001;12:177–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell DSH. Do sulfonylurea drugs increase the risk of cardiac events? CMAJ 2006;174:185–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki Y, Mahankali A, Matsuda M, et al. Improved glycemic control and enhanced insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with pioglitazone. Diabetes Care 2001;24: 710–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parulkar AA, Pendergrass ML, Granda-Ayala R, et al. Nonhypoglycemic effects of thiazolidinediones. Ann Intern Med 2001;134:61–71. Erratum in: Ann Intern Med 2001;135: 307
   Google Scholar
• Dormandy JA, Charbonnel B, Eckland DJ, et al; for the PROactive Investigators. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive Study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366: 1279–89
   Google Scholar
• Chiasson J-L, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al; for the STOP-NIDDM Trial Research Group. Acarbose for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the STOP-NIDDM randomised trial. Lancet 2002;359: 2072–7
   Google Scholar
• Holst JJ. Therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the actions of glucagon-like peptide-1. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2002;18:430–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller WA, Faloona GR, Aguilar-Parada E, Unger RH. Abnormal alpha-cell function in diabetes. Response to carbohydrate and protein ingestion. N Engl J Med 1970;283: 109–15
   Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Li L, Xu E, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 regulates proliferation and apoptosis via activation of protein kinase B in pancreatic INS-1 beta cells. Diabetologia 2004;47: 478–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drucker DJ. Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2929–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrén B, Schmitz O. GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Horm Metab Res 2004;36: 867–76
   Google Scholar
• Rolin B, Deacon CF, Carr RD, Ahren B. The major glucagon-like peptide-1 metabolite, GLP-1-(9–36)-amide, does not affect glucose or insulin levels in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;494: 283–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fineman MS, Bicsak TA, Shen LZ, et al. Effect on glycemic control of exenatide (synthetic exendin-4) additive to existing metformin and/or sulfonylurea treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2370–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buse JB, Henry RR, Han J, et al; for the Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27: 2628–35
   Google Scholar
• Kendall DM, Riddle MS, Rosenstock J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1083–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Ratner RE, Han J, et al. Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1092–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine RJ, Van Gaal LF, Johns D, et al; GWAA Study Group. Exenatide versus insulin glargine in patients with suboptimally controlled type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2005;143: 559–69
   Google Scholar
• Blonde L, Klein EJ, Han J, et al. Interim analysis of the effects of exenatide treatment on A1C, weight and cardiovascular risk factors over 82 weeks in 314 overweight patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2006;8:436–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Wang L, Beconi M, et al. (2R)-4-oxo-4-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-1-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-2-amine: a potent, orally active dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. J Med Chem 2005;48:141–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiting B, Nichols E, Biftu T et al. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV does not attenuate T cell activation in vitro [abstract]. Diabetes 2004;53(Suppl 2):A2
   Google Scholar
• Lankas G, Leiting B, Roy RS, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibition for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: potential importance of selectivity over dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9. Diabetes 2005;54:2988–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman GA, Bergman A, Liu F, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the oral DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin in middle-aged obese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46: 876–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman GA, Bergman A, Stevens C, et al. Effect of single oral doses of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, on incretin and plasma glucose levels following an oral glucose tolerance test in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4612–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman G, Hanefeld M, Wu M, et al. Effect of MK-0431, a dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitor, on glycemic control after 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes [abstract]. Diabetes 2005;54(Suppl 1):A134
   Google Scholar
• Scott R, Wu M, Sanchez M, Stein P. Efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy over 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Practice 2007;61:171–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aschner P, Kipnes M, Lunceford J, et al. Effect of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin as monotherapy on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2632–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charbonnel B, Karasik A, Liu J, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metfomin alone. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2638–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J, Brazg R, Andryuk PJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor sitagliptin added to ongoing pioglitazone therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24 week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Clin Ther 2006;28:1556–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein P. Sitagliptin: a novel dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Presented at: American Diabetes Association – 66th Scientific Sessions, Washington, DC, June 13, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Villhauer EB, Brinkman JA, Naderi GB, et al. 1-[[(3-hydroxyl-1-adamantyl)amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine: a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor with antihyperglycemic properties. J Med Chem 2003;46:2774–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes TE, Mone MD, Russell ME, et al. NVP-DPP728 (1-[[[2-[(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)amino]ethyl]amino]acetyl]-2-cyano-(S)-pyrrolidine), a slow-binding inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Biochemistry 1999;38:11597–603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrén B, Landin-Olsson M, Jansson PA, et al. Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 reduces glycemia, sustains insulin levels, and reduces glucagon levels in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2078–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrén B, Gomis R, Standl E, et al. Twelve- and 52-week efficacy of the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor LAF237 in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004;27: 2874–80
   Google Scholar
• Mari A, Sallas WM, He YL, et al. Vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, improves model-assessed beta-cell function in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:4888–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahrén B, Pacini G, Foley JE, Schweizer A. Improved meal-related beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity by the dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor vildagliptin in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes over 1 year. Diabetes Care 2005;28: 1936–40
   Google Scholar
• Duttaroy A, Voelker F, Merriam K, et al. The DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin increases pancreatic beta cell neogenesis and decreases apoptosis [abstract]. Diabetes 2005;54\(Suppl 1): A141. Abstract 572–P
   Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J, Baron MA, Dejager S, et al. Comparison of vildagliptin and rosiglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 24-week, double-blind, randomized trial. Diabetes Care 2007;30:217–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron MA, Rosentstock J, Bassiri B, et al. Efficacy of vildagliptin combined with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2006;49\(Suppl 1):485. Abstract 0801
   Google Scholar
• Bosi E, Camisasca RP, Collober C, et al. Effects of vildagliptin on glucose control over 24 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin. Diabetes Care 2007: published online 2 February 2007, doi:10.2337/dc06–1732
   Google Scholar
• Accomplia® (rimonabant) receives marketing authorisation in the European Union [press release]. sanofi-aventis; June 21, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Despres JP, Golay A, Sjostrom L; for the Rimonabant in Obesity-Lipids Study Group. Effects of rimonabant on metabolic risk factors in overweight patients with dyslipidemia. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2121–34
   Google Scholar
• Van Gaal LF, Rissanen AM, Scheen AJ, et al; for the RIO-Europe Study Group. Effects of the cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker rimonabant on weight reduction and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight patients: 1-year experience from the RIO-Europe study. Lancet 2005;365:1389–97. Erratum in: Lancet 2005;365: 1389–97
   Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer FX, Aronne LJ, Heshmati HM, et al; for the RIO-North America Study Group. Effect of rimonabant, a cannabinoid-1 receptor blocker, on weight and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight or obese patients. RIO-North America: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;295:761–75. Erratum in: JAMA 2006;295: 1252
   Google Scholar
• Scheen AJ, Finer N, Hollander P, Jensen MD, Van Gaal LF; RIO-Diabetes Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of rimonabant in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled study. Lancet 2006;368: 1660–72
   Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Wolski K, Topol EJ. Effect of muraglitazar on death and major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2005;294: 2581–6
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein BJ, Rosenstock J, Anzalone D, et al. Tesaglitazar improves glucose and lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2005;54\(Suppl 1):A21. Abstract 83–OR
   Google Scholar
• International Diabetes Federation. Global Guideline for Type 2 Diabetes. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation; 2005
   Google Scholar