Evidence for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus infection in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension: a case series and review of the literature

References

• Simonneau G, Galie N, Rubin L, et al. Clinical classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;43: 5S–12
   Google Scholar
• Rubin LJ. Primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 1997;336:111–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galie N, Manes A, Uguccioni L, et al. Primary pulmonary hypertension: insights into pathogenesis from epidemiology. Chest 1998;114(Suppl):184S–94
   Google Scholar
• Pietra GG, Edwards WD, Kay JM, et al. Histopathology of primary pulmonary hypertension. A qualitative and quantitative study of pulmonary blood vessels from 58 patients in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Registry. Circulation 1989;80: 1198–206
   Google Scholar
• Bull TM, Cool CD, Seris AE, et al. Primary pulmonary hyper-tension, Castleman’s disease and human herpesvirus-8. Eur Respir J 2003;22:403–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cool CD, Rai PR, Yeager ME, et al. Expression of human herpesvirus 8 in primary pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2003;349:1113–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, et al. Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 1994;266:1865–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang Y, Moore PS. Kaposi sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus. In: Monath TP, Roizman B, Straus SE, editors. Field’s virology, 3rd edn. Philadelphia: Lippincott–Raven, 2001, pp.2803–33
   Google Scholar
• Gao SJ, Kingsley L, Li M, et al. KSHV antibodies among Americans, Italians and Ugandans with and without Kaposi’s sarcoma. Nat Med 1996;2:925–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennette ET, Blackbourn DJ, Levy JA. Antibodies to human herpesvirus type 8 in the general population and in Kaposi’s sarcoma patients. Lancet 1996;348: 858–61
   Google Scholar
• Renne R, Zhong W, Herndier B, et al. Lytic growth of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8) in culture. Nat Med 1996;2:342–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arvanitakis L, Mesri E, Nador R, et al. Establishment and characterization of a primary effusion (body cavity-based) lymphoma cell line (BC-3) harboring Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) in the absence of Epstein–Barr virus. Blood 1996;88:2648–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storch GA. Diagnostic virology. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. Fields virology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pp.493–533
   Google Scholar
• Ablashi DV, Chatlynne LG, Whitman JE, et al. Spectrum of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, or human herpesvirus 8, diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15:439–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dourmishev LA, Dourmishev AL, Palmieri D, et al. Molecular genetics of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus 8) epidemiology and pathogenesis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003;67:175–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schatz O, Monini P, Bugarini R, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus serology in Europe and Uganda: multicentre study with multiple and novel assays. J Med Virol 2001;65:123–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parravicini C, Olsen S, Capra M, et al. Antibodies against Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) antigens and development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) in Italian patients receiving organ allograft transplantation. Blood 1997;90:2826–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henke-Gendo C, Schulz TF, Hoeper MM. HHV-8 in pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med 2004;350: 194–5
   Google Scholar
• Montani D, Marcelin AG, Sitbon O, et al. Human herpes virus 8 in HIV and non-HIV infected patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension in France. AIDS 2005;19:1239–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laney AS, De Marco T, Peters JS, et al. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and primary and secondary pulmonary hypertension. Chest 2005;127:762–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicastri E, Vizza CD, Carletti F, et al. Human herpesvirus 8 and pulmonary hypertension. Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:1480–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cool CD, Rai PR, Voekel NF. HHV-8 in pulmonary hyper-tension. N Engl J Med 2004;350: 195
   Google Scholar
• Henke-Gendo C, Mengel M, Hoeper MM, et al. Absence of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;172:1581–5
   Google Scholar
• Katano H, Ito K, Shibuya K, et al. Lack of human herpesvirus 8 infection in lungs of Japanese patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. J Infect Dis 2005;191:743–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daibata M, Miyoshi I, Taguchi H, et al. Absence of human herpesvirus 8 in lung tissues from Japanese patients with primary pulmonary hypertension. Respir Med 2004;98:1231–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galambos C, Montgomery J, Jenkins FJ. No role for Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus in pediatric idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. Pediatr Pulmonol 2006;41:122–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hengge UR, Ruzicka T, Tyring SK, et al. Update on Kaposi’s sarcoma and other HHV-8 associated diseases. Part 2: pathogenesis, Castleman’s disease, and pleural effusion lymphoma. Lancet Infect Dis 2002;2: 344–52
   Google Scholar
• Montani D, Achouh L, Marcelin AG, et al. Reversibility of pulmonary arterial hypertension in HIV/HHV8-associated Castleman’s disease. Eur Respir J 2005;26:969–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez F, Masia M, Padilla S, et al. Occult lymphadenopathic Kaposi’s sarcoma associated with severe pulmonary hypertension: A clinical hint about the potential role of HHV-8 in HIV-related pulmonary hypertension? J Clin Virol 2006;37:79–82 [Epub ahead of print 1 Aug 2006]
   Google Scholar