References
- Evans WE, McLeod HL. Pharmacogenomics: drug disposition, drug targets, and side effects. New Engl J Med 2003;348: 538–49
- Weinshilbourn R. Inheritance and drug response. New Engl J Med 2003;348:529–37
- Mahley RW. Apolipoprotein E: cholesterol transport protein with expanding role in cell biology. Science 1988;240:622–30
- Eichner JE, Kuller LH, Orchard TJ, et al. Relation of apolipo-protein E phenotype to myocardial infarction and mortality from coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:160–5
- Lehtimäki T, Moilanen T, Nikkari T, et al. Regional differences in apolipoprotein E polymorphism in Finland. Ann Med 1991;23:61–6
- Bocksch L, Stephens T, Lucas A, Singh B. Apolipoprotein E: possible therapeutic target for atherosclerosis. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 2001;1:93–106
- Zannis VI, Just PW, Breslow JL. Human apolipoprotein E isoprotein subclasses are genetically determined. Am J Hum Genet 1981;33:11–24
- Kamboh MI, Evans RW, Aston CE. Genetic effect of apolipo-protein(a) and apolipoprotein E polymorphisms on plasma quantitative risk factors for coronary heart disease in American black women. Atherosclerosis 1995;117:73–81
- Kataoka S, Robbins DC, Cowan LD, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in American Indians and its relation to plasma lipoproteins and diabetes: the Strong Heart Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996;16:918–25
- Gerdes LU, Klausen IC, Sihm I, Faergeman O. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in a Danish population compared to findings in 45 other study populations around the world. Genet Epidemiol 1992;9:155–67
- Kesäniemi YA, Ehnholm C, Miettinen TA. Intestinal cholesterol absorption efficiency in man is related to apoprotein E phenotype. J Clin Invest 1987;80:578–81
- Gylling H, Aalto-Setälä K, Kontula K, Miettinen TA. Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol level and cholesterol absorption efficiency are influenced by apolipoprotein B and E polymorphism and by the FH-Helsinki mutation of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene in familial hypercholesterolemia. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:1368–75
- Braeckman L, De Bacquer D, Rosseneu M, De Backer G. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism in middle-aged Belgian men: phenotype distribution and relation to serum lipids and lipo-proteins. Atherosclerosis 1996;120:67–73
- Skoglund-Andersson C, Ehrenborg E, Fisher RM, et al. Influence of common variants in the CETP, LPL, HL and APO E genes on LDL heterogeneity in healthy, middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 2003;167:311–7
- Wilson PWF, Myers RH, Larson MG, et al. Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease: the Framingham Offspring Study. J Am Med Assoc 1994;272:1666–71
- Gerdes LU, Gerdes C, Kervinen K, et al. The apolipoprotein e4 allele determines prognosis and the effect on prognosis of simvastatin in survivors of myocardial infarction: a substudy of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study. Circulation 2000;101:1366–71
- Cattin L, Fisicaro M, Tonizzo M, et al. Polymorphism of the apolipoprotein E gene and early carotid atherosclerosis defined by ultrasonography in asymptomatic adults. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997;17:91–4
- Ilveskoski E, Perola M, Lehtimaki T, et al. Age-dependent association of apolipoprotein E genotype with coronary and aortic atherosclerosis in middle-aged men: an autopsy study. Circulation 1999;100:608–13
- Wang XL, McCredie RM, Wilcken DEL. Polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E gene and severity of coronary artery disease defined by angiography. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1995;15:1030–4
- Kolovou GD, Anagnostopoulou KK, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Association of apolipoprotein E genotype with early onset of coronary heart disease in Greek men. Angiology 2005;56: 663–70
- Moore JH, Reilly SL, Ferrell RE, Sing CF. The role of the apolipoprotein E polymorphism in the prediction of coronary artery disease age of onset. Clin Genet 1997;51:22–5
- Tiret L, de Knijf P, Menzel H-J, et al.; for the EARS group. ApoE polymorphism and predisposition to coronary heart disease in youths of different European populations. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1617–24
- Viitanen L, Pihlajamaki J, Miettinen R, et al. Apolipoprotein E gene promoter (-219G/T) polymorphism is associated with premature coronary heart disease. J Mol Med 2001;79:732–7
- Ballantyne CM, Herd JA, Stein EA, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotypes and response of plasma lipids and progression– regression of coronary atherosclerosis to lipid-lowering drug therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000;36:1572–8
- Ordovas JM, Lopez-Miranda J, Perez-Jimenez F, et al. Effect of apolipoprotein E and A-IV phenotypes on the low density lipoprotein response to HMG CoA reductase inhibitor therapy. Atherosclerosis 1995;113:157–66
- Brisson D, Ledoux K, Bosse Y, et al. Effect of apolipoprotein E, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha and lipoprotein lipase gene mutations on the ability of fenofibrate to improve lipid profiles and reach clinical guideline targets among hypertriglyceridemic patients: effect of liver fatty acid binding protein (FABP). Pharmacogenetics 2002;12:313–20
- Maitland-van der Zee AH, Stricker BH, Klungel OH, et al. Adherence to and dosing of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in the general population differs according to apolipoprotein E-genotypes. Pharmacogenetics 2003;13:219–23
- Seip RL, Otvos J, Bilbie C, et al. The effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on serum lipoprotein particle response to exercise. Atherosclerosis 2006;188:126–33
- Thompson PD, Tsongalis GJ, Seip RL, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and changes in serum lipids and maximal oxygen uptake with exercise training. Metabolism 2004;53: 193–202
- Eichner JE, Dunn ST, Perveen G, et al. Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2002;155:487–95
- Garcia-Calvo M, Lisnock J, Bull HG, et al. The target of ezetimibe is Niemann-Pick C1-Like 1 (NPC1L1). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005;102: 8132–7
- Ballantyne CM, Houri J, Notarbartolo A, et al. Effect of ezetimibe coadministered with atorvastatin in 628 patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial. Circulation 2003;107:2409–15
- Ballantyne CM, Blazing MA, King TR, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with simvastatin compared with atorvastatin in adults with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2004;93:1487–94
- Ballantyne CM, Abate N, Yuan Z, et al. Dose-comparison study of the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin (Vytorin) versus atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: the Vytorin Versus Atorvastatin (VYVA) study. Am Heart J 2005;149:464–73
- Brohet C, Banai S, Alings AM, et al. LDL-C goal attainment with the addition of ezetimibe to ongoing simvastatin treatment in coronary heart disease patients with hypercholesterolemia. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:571–8
- Cruz-Fernandez JM, Bedarida GV, Adgey J, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with ongoing atorvastatin therapy in achieving low-density lipoprotein goal in patients with hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:619–27
- Davidson MH, McGarry T, Bettis R, et al. Ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40:2125–34
- Gagné C, Bays HE, Weiss SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1084–91
- Pearson TA, Denke MA, McBride PE, et al. A community-based, randomized trial of ezetimibe added to statin therapy to attain NCEP ATP III goals for LDL cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic patients: the ezetimibe add-on to statin for effectiveness (EASE) trial. Mayo Clin Proc 2005;80:587–95
- Stein E, Stender S, Mata P, et al. Achieving lipoprotein goals in patients at high risk with severe hypercholesterolemia: efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with atorvastatin. Am Heart J 2004;148:447–55
- Adult Treatment Panel III. Executive summary of the third report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. J Am Med Assoc 2001;285: 2486–97
- De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al.; for the Third Joint Task Force of European and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1601–10
- Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004;110:227–39
- International Atherosclerosis Society, 2003. Harmonized clinical guidelines on prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease: executive summary. Available at http://www athero org/download/guidelines.pdf [accessed May 10, 2005]
- Joint British Societies. JBS 2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 2005;91(Suppl 5):v1–v52
- Van Ganse E, Laforest L, Alemao E, et al. Lipid-modifying therapy and attainment of cholesterol goals in Europe: the Return on Expenditure Achieved for Lipid Therapy (REALITY) study. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1389–99
- EUROASPIRE I and II Group; European Action on Secondary Prevention by Intervention to Reduce Events. Clinical reality of coronary prevention guidelines: a comparison of EUROASPIRE I and II in nine countries. Lancet 2001;357:995–1001
- Mark L, Marki-Zay J, Paragh G, Katona A. Retrospective analyses of acenocoumarol doses and bleeding complications in patients with wild type or variant cytochrome P450 CYP2C9 alleles. Thromb Haemost 2005;93:396–7
- Aslanidis C, Schmitz G. High-speed apolipoprotein E genotyping and apolipoprotein B3500 mutation detection using real-time fluorescence PCR and melting curves. Clin Chem 1999;45:1094–7
- Bernard PS, Pritham GH, Wittwer CT. Color multiplex hybridization probes using the apolipoprotein E locus as a model system for genotyping. Anal Biochem 1999;273:221–8
- Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS. Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 1972;18:499–502
- Gylling H, Miettinen TA. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis related to low density lipoprotein metabolism during varying cholesterol intake in men with different apoE phenotypes. J Lipid Res 1992;33:1361–71
- Bays HE, Moore PB, Drehobl MA, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of ezetimibe in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: pooled analysis of two phase II studies. Clin Ther 2001;23:1209–30
- Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;90:1092–7