How expensive is antipsychotic polypharmacy? Experience from five US state Medicaid programs

References

• National Alliance on Mental Illness. Grading the States: A Report on America’s Health Care System for Serious Mental Illness. Arlington, VA: National Alliance on Mental Illness, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Surles RC. Atypical antipsychotics: considerations for Medicaid coverage. Am J Manag Care 2005;11:S248–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenheck R, Leslie DL, Sernyak MJ. From clinical trials to real-world practice: use of atypical antipsychotic medication nationally in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Med Care 2001;39:302–6
   Google Scholar
• Zuvekas SH. Prescription drugs and the changing patterns of treatment for mental disorders, 1996–2001. Health Affairs 2005;24:195–205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl S. Antipsychotic polypharmacy: evidence based or eminence based? Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;106:321–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl S, Grady M. High-cost use of second-generation anti-psychotics under California’s Medicaid program. Psychiatr Serv 2006;57:127–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie DL, Rosenheck R. Use of pharmacy data to assess quality of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia in a national health care system. Med Care 2001;39:923–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguly R, Kotzan JA, Miller LS, et al. Prevalence, trends, and factors associated with antipsychotic polypharmacy among Medicaid-eligible schizophrenia patients, 1998–2000. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1377–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faries D, Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, et al. Antipsychotic monotherapy and polypharmacy in the naturalistic treatment of schizophrenia with atypical antipsychotics. BMC Psychiatry 2005;5:doi:10.1186/1471-1244X-1185–1126
   Google Scholar
• Ereshefsky L. Pharmacologic and pharmacokinetic considerations in choosing an antipsychotic. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl 10):20–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patrick V, Schleifer SJ, Nurenberg J, et al. An initiative to curtail the use of antipsychotic polypharmacy in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatr Serv 2006;57:21–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kogut SJ, Yam F, Dufresne R. Prescribing of antipsychotic medication in a Medicaid population: use of polytherapy and off-label dosages. J Manag Care Pharm 2005;11:17–24
   Google Scholar
• Valuck RJ, Morrato EH, Allen RR, et al. Antipsychotic polypharmacy costs: a five-state Medicaid study. Value Health 2006; 9:A70-A71 [Poster #PMH22]
   Google Scholar
• Sernyak MJ, Rosenheck R. Clinicians’ reasons for antipsychotic coprescribing. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:1597–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl S, Grady M. A critical review of atypical antipsychotic utilization: comparing monotherapy with polypharmacy and augmentation. Curr Med Chem 2004;11:313–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Zakwani IS, Barron JJ, Bullano MF, et al. Analysis of healthcare utilization patterns and adherence in patients receiving typical and atypical antipsychotic medications. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:619–27
   Google Scholar
• Gilmer TP, Dolder CR, Lacro JP, et al. Adherence to treatment with antipsychotic medication and health care costs among Medicaid beneficiaries with schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:692–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothbard A, Murrin MR, Jordan M, et al. Effects of antipsychotic medication on psychiatric service utilization and cost. J Ment Health Policy Econ 2005;8:83–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mladsi DM, Grogg A, Irish WD, et al. Pharmacy cost evaluation of risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine for the treatment of schizophrenia in acute care inpatient settings. Curr Med Res Opin 2004; 20:1883–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianfrancesco F, Pesa J, Wang RH. Comparison of mental health resources used by patients with bipolar disorder treated with risperidone, olanzapine, or quetiapine. J Manag Care Pharm. 2005;11:220–30
   Google Scholar
• Barbui C, Lintas C, Percudani M. Head-to-head comparison of the costs of atypical antipsychotics. CNS Drugs 2005;19:935–50
   Google Scholar
• Hamann J, Leucht S, Kissling W. Are the second-generation antipsychotics cost-effective? A critical review on the background of different health systems. Pharmacopsychiatry 2003;36:18–26
   Google Scholar
• Morrato EH, Dodd S, Oderda G, et al. Prevalence, utilization patterns, and predictors of antipsychotic polypharmacy: experience in a multi-state Medicaid population, 1998–2003. Clin Ther 2007;29:183–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaiser Foundation. State Medicaid Fact Sheet. http://www.kkf.org. [Last accessed May 16, 2006]
   Google Scholar
• Andrade S, Kahler K, Frech F, et al. Methods for evaluation of medication adherence and persistence using automated databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006;15:565–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Expert consensus guideline series: treatment of schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(Suppl 11):1–80
   Google Scholar
• Soumerai S. Benefits and risks of increasing restrictions on access to costly drugs in Medicaid. Health Affairs 2004;23: 135–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks J, Surles RC. Using best practices to manage psychiatric medications under Medicaid. Psychiatr Serv 2004;55:1227–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ananth J, Parameswaran S, Gunatilake S. Antipsychotic poly-pharmacy. Curr Pharm Des 2004;10:2231–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones P, Barnes T, Davies L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of the effect on quality of life of second- vs. first-generation anti psychotic drugs in schizophrenia: cost utility of the latest antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenia study (CUTLASS I). Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:1079–87
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman JA, Stroup T, McEvoy J, et al. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1209–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ascher-Svanum H, Faries D, Zhu B, et al. Medication adherence and long-term functional outcomes in the treatment of schizophrenia in usual care. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67: 453–60
   Google Scholar
• Fenton W, Blyler C, Heinssen R. Determinants of medication compliance in schizophrenia: empirical and clinical findings. Schizophr Bull 1997;23:637–51
   Google Scholar
• Malla A, Norman R, Schmitz N, et al. Predictors of rate and time to remission in first-episode psychosis: a two-year outcome study. Psychol Med 2006;36:649–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennessy S, Bilker W, Weber A, et al. Descriptive analyses of the integrity of a US Medicaid claims database. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2002;12:103–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leslie DL, Rosenheck R. From conventional to atypical anti-psychotics and back: dynamic processes in the diffusion of new medications. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:1534–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar