307
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Optimizing the treatment of hypertension and stable coronary artery disease: clinical evidence for fixed-combination perindopril/amlodipine

Pages 3543-3557 | Accepted 24 Oct 2008, Published online: 20 Nov 2008

References

  • Kearney PM, Whelton M, Reynolds K, et al. Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet 2005;365:217-23
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-52
  • Kaplan NM. Clinical Hypertension. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins, 2006
  • Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007;28:1462-536
  • National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) – British Hypertension Society (BHS). Hypertension: management of hypertension in adults in primary care. Available from www.nice.org.uk/CG034guidance. [ Accessed 12 July 2006]
  • Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906
  • Julius S, Cohn JN, Neutel J, et al. Antihypertensive utility of perindopril in a large, general practice-based clinical trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2004;6:10-17
  • Opie LH, Schall R. Evidence-based evaluation of calcium channel blockers for hypertension: equality of mortality and cardiovascular risk relative to conventional therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39:315-22
  • Weir MR. Calcium channel blockers: their pharmacologic and therapeutic role in hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2007;7(Suppl 1):5-15
  • Telejko E. Perindopril arginine: benefits of a new salt of the ACE inhibitor perindopril. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:953-60
  • Ferrari R. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in cardiovascular disease: evidence with perindopril. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2005;3:15-29
  • Fox KM. Efficacy of perindopril in reduction of cardiovascular events among patients with stable coronary artery disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial (the EUROPA study). Lancet 2003;362:782-8
  • Management of stable angina pectoris. Recommendations of the Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2006;27:1341-81
  • Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003
  • Poulter NR, Wedel H, Dahlof B, et al. Role of blood pressure and other variables in the differential cardiovascular event rates noted in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA). Lancet 2005;366:907-13
  • Williams B, Lacy PS, Thom SM, et al. Differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure and clinical outcomes: principal results of the Conduit Artery Function Evaluation (CAFE) study. Circulation 2006;113:1213-25
  • Brady AJ. Perindopril versus angiotensin II receptor blockade in hypertension and coronary artery disease: implications of clinical trials. Clin Drug Investig 2007;27:149-61
  • Meurin P. The ASCOT trial: clarifying the role of ACE inhibition in the reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2006;6:327-34
  • Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 2002;288:2981-97
  • Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004;363:2022-31
  • Pepine CJ, Handberg EM, Cooper-DeHoff RM, et al. A calcium antagonist vs a non-calcium antagonist hypertension treatment strategy for patients with coronary artery disease. The International Verapamil-Trandolapril Study (INVEST): a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290:2805-16
  • Ferrari R. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor-calcium antagonist combination: an alliance for cardioprotection? J Hypertens Suppl 1997;15:S109-17
  • Ferrari R. Major differences among the three classes of calcium antagonists. Eur Heart J 1997;18(Suppl A):A56-70
  • Riordan JF. Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme and its relatives. Genome Biol 2003;4:225
  • Wiemer G, Linz W, Hatrik S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition alters nitric oxide and superoxide release in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1997;30:1183-90
  • Boraso A, Bernocchi P, Benigno M, et al. Time-dependence of the cardioprotective effects of lercandipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1997;29:69-77
  • Ferrari R, Visioli O. Protective effects of calcium antagonists against ischaemia and reperfusion damage. Drugs 1991;42(Suppl 1):14-26
  • Ferrari R. Mechanisms of protective effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in myocardial ischaemia. In: Fox K, Remme W. ACE inhibition and ischaemic heart disease. London, UK: Science Press, 1999:13-23
  • Ceconi C, Fox KM, Remme WJ, et al. ACE inhibition with perindopril and endothelial dysfunction. Results of a substudy of the EUROPA study: PERTINENT. Cardiovasc Res 2007;73:237-46
  • Comini L, Bachetti T, Cargnoni A, et al. Therapeutic modulation of the nitric oxide pathway: are all ACE inhibitors equivalent? Pharmacol Res 2007;56:42-8
  • Ceconi C, Francolini G, Bastianon D, et al. Differences in the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the rate of endothelial cell apoptosis: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2007;21:423-9
  • Ceconi C, Francolini G, Olivares A, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have different selectivity for bradykinin binding sites of human somatic ACE. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;577:1-6
  • Gao F, Gong B, Christopher TA, et al. Anti-apoptotic effect of benidipine, a long-lasting vasodilating calcium antagonist, in ischaemic/reperfused myocardial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2001;132:869-78
  • Effect of ramipril on mortality and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. The Acute Infarction Ramipril Efficacy (AIRE) Study Investigators. Lancet 1993;342:821-8
  • Ferrari R. Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with perindopril on left ventricular remodeling and clinical outcome: results of the randomized Perindopril and Remodeling in Elderly with Acute Myocardial Infarction (PREAMI) Study. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:659-66
  • Weir MR. Targeting mechanisms of hypertensive vascular disease with dual calcium channel and renin-angiotensin system blockade. J Hum Hypertens 2007;21:770-9
  • Rosenthal T, Gavras I. Fixed-drug combinations as first-line treatment for hypertension. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2006;48:416-25
  • McInnes GT. Antihypertensive drugs in combination: additive or greater than additive? J Hum Hypertens 2007;21:914-16
  • Jadhav U. Evaluation of efficacy and tolerability of perindopril and amlodipine combination in the management of patients with moderate-to-severe hypertension in India. Poster presentation at the 23rd Annual Scientific Meeting of the American Society of Hypertension, New Orleans, LA, May 14-17. J Clin Hypertens 2008, Abstract
  • Poli KA, Tofler GH, Larson MG, et al. Association of blood pressure with fibrinolytic potential in the Framingham Offspring population. Circulation 2000;101:264-9
  • Fogari R, Zoppi A. Antihypertensive drugs and fibrinolytic function. Am J Hypertens 2006;19:129-39
  • Fogari R, Preti P, Lazzari P, et al. Effect of benazepril amlodipine combination on fibrinolysis in hypertensive diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003;59:271-5
  • Fogari R, Mugellini A, Zoppi A, et al. Losartan and perindopril effects on plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and fibrinogen in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:316-20
  • Matsumoto T, Minai K, Horie H, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition but not angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism augments coronary release of tissue plasminogen activator in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003;41:1373-9
  • Gleerup G, Winther K. Decreased fibrinolytic activity and increased platelet function in hypertension. Possible influence of calcium antagonism. Am J Hypertens 1991;4:168-71
  • Messerli FH. Vasodilatory edema: a common side effect of antihypertensive therapy. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:978-9
  • Fogari R. Ankle oedema and sympathetic activation. Drugs 2005;65(Suppl 2):21-7
  • Gradman AH, Cutler NR, Davis PJ, et al. Combined enalapril and felodipine extended release (ER) for systemic hypertension. Enalapril-Felodipine ER Factorial Study Group. Am J Cardiol 1997;79:431-5
  • Fogari R, Malamani GD, Zoppi A, et al. Effect of benazepril addition to amlodipine on ankle oedema and subcutaneous tissue pressure in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17:207-12
  • Fogari R, Malamani G, Zoppi A, et al. Effect on the development of ankle edema of adding delapril to manidipine in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension: a three-way crossover study. Clin Ther 2007;29:413-18
  • Weir MR, Rosenberger C, Fink JC. Pilot study to evaluate a water displacement technique to compare effects of diuretics and ACE inhibitors to alleviate lower extremity edema due to dihydropyridine calcium antagonists. Am J Hypertens 2001;14:963-8
  • Doggrell SA, Wang QH, Yue P, et al. Is amlodipine the best initial a monotherapy for hypertension? Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006;7:829-32
  • Yoshinaga K, Saruta T, Abe K, et al. Clinical evaluation of monotherapy with perindopril, an ACE inhibitor, in the treatment of essential hypertension: double-blind parallel comparison with enalapril. J Clin Ther Medicines 1997; 13:4259-97
  • PROGRESS Collaborative Group. Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 2001;358:1033-41
  • Zannad F, Bernaud CM, Fay R. Double-blind, randomized, multicentre comparison of the effects of amlodipine and perindopril on 24 h therapeutic coverage and beyond in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Hypertens 1999;17:137-46
  • Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, et al. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007;120:713-19
  • Lindgren P, Buxton M, Kahan T, et al. Economic Evaluation of ASCOT-BPLA: Antihypertensive treatment with an amlodipine-based regimen is cost-effective compared to an atenolol-based regimen. Heart 2008;94:e4
  • Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53
  • Davies RF, Habibi H, Klinke WP, et al. Effect of amlodipine, atenolol and their combination on myocardial ischemia during treadmill exercise and ambulatory monitoring. Canadian Amlodipine/Atenolol in Silent Ischemia Study (CASIS) Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;25:619-25
  • Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Libby P, et al. Effect of antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease and normal blood pressure: the CAMELOT study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;292:2217-25
  • Braunwald E, Domanski MJ, Fowler SE, et al. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition in stable coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004;351:2058-68
  • Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P, et al. Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and beta-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension: the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 2000;356:359-65
  • Poole Wilson PA, Lubsen J, Kirwan BA, et al. Effect of long-acting nifedipine on mortality and cardiovascular morbidity in patients with stable angina requiring treatment (ACTION trial): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 364:849-57
  • Brown MJ, Palmer CR, Castaigne A, et al. Morbidity and mortality in patients randomised to double-blind treatment with a long-acting calcium-channel blocker or diuretic in the International Nifedipine GITS study: Intervention as a Goal in Hypertension Treatment (INSIGHT). Lancet 2000;356:366-72
  • Östergren J, Poulter NR, Sever PS , et al for the ASCOT investigators. The Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial: blood pressure-lowering limb: effects in patients with type II diabetes. J Hypertens 2008;26:2103-2111.
  • Bakris GL, Weir MR. Achieving goal blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: conventional versus fixed-dose combination approaches. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2003;5:202-9
  • Elliott WJ, Meyer PM. Incident diabetes in clinical trials of antihypertensive drugs: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2007;369:201-7
  • Scheen AJ. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus through inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. Drugs 2004; 64:2537-65
  • Marre M, Puig JG, Kokot F, et al. Equivalence of indapamide SR and enalapril on microalbuminuria reduction in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: The NESTOR* study. J Hypertens 2004;22:1613-22
  • Luna B, Feinglos MN. Drug-induced hyperglycemia. JAMA 2001;286:1945-8
  • Gupta AK, Dahlof B, Dobson J, et al. Determinants of new-onset diabetes among 19,257 hypertensive patients randomized in the ASCOT-BPLA trial and the relative influence of antihypertensive medication. Diabetes Care 2008;31:982-8
  • Telmisartan Randomised AssessmeNt Study in ACE iNtolerant subjects with cardiovascular Disease (TRANSCEND) Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo K, Anderson C, et al. Effects of the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients intolerant to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;372:1174-83
  • Yusuf S, Diener HC, Sacco RL, et al. Telmisartan to prevent recurrent stroke and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1225-37
  • Bakris G, Molitch M, Hewkin A, et al. Differences in glucose tolerance between fixed-dose antihypertensive drug combinations in people with metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2592-7
  • Messerli FH, Kuteyeva O. Bashing diuretics or failure of surrogate endpoint? J Hypertens 2007;25:949-50
  • Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1547-59
  • Bakris G, Molitch M, Zhou Q, et al. Reversal of diuretic-associated impaired glucose tolerance and new-onset diabetes: results of the STAR-LET study. J Cardiometab Syndr 2008;3:18-25.
  • Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J, et al. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:870-8
  • Viberti G, Wheeldon NM. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 2002;106:672-8
  • Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:861-9
  • Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2001;345:851-60
  • Strippoli GF, Craig M, Deeks JJ, et al. Effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists on mortality and renal outcomes in diabetic nephropathy: systematic review. BMJ 2004;329:828
  • Jerums G, Allen TJ, Campbell DJ, et al. Long-term comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in normotensive patients with type 1 diabetes and microalbuminuria. Am J Kidney Dis 2001;37:890-9
  • Fogari R, Preti P, Zoppi A, et al. Effects of amlodipine fosinopril combination on microalbuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Am J Hypertens 2002;15:1042-9
  • Protogerou AD, Papaioannou TG, Blacher J, et al. Central blood pressures: do we need them in the management of cardiovascular disease? Is it a feasible therapeutic target? J Hypertens 2007;25:265-72
  • Morgan T, Lauri J, Bertram D, Anderson A. Effect of different antihypertensive drug classes on central aortic pressure. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:118-23
  • Asmar RG, London GM, O'Rourke ME, et al. Improvement in blood pressure, arterial stiffness and wave reflections with a very-low-dose perindopril/indapamide combination in hypertensive patient: a comparison with atenolol. Hypertension 2001;38:922-6
  • Lacy PS, Cruickshank JK, Thom S, et al. Diabetes accentuates the differential impact of blood pressure-lowering drugs on central aortic pressure: principal results from CAFE-DIABETES; the diabetic cohort within the Conduit Artery Functional Evaluation (CAFE) study. J Hypertens 2007;25(Suppl 2):S279, Abstract
  • Neal B, MacMahon S, Chapman N. Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials. Blood Pressure Lowering Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2000;356:1955-64
  • Turnbull F. Effects of different blood-pressure-lowering regimens on major cardiovascular events: Results of prospectively-designed overviews of randomised trials. Lancet 2003;362:1527-35
  • Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Angeli F, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for coronary heart disease and stroke prevention. Hypertension 2005;46:386-92

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.