References
- Grond S, Hall J, Spacek A, et al. Iontophoretic transdermal system using fentanyl compared with patient-controlled intravenous analgesia using morphine for postoperative pain management. Br J Anaesth 2007;98:806-15
- Hartrick CT, Bourne MH, Gargiulo K, et al. Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system for acute-pain management after orthopedic surgery: a comparative study with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2006;31:546-54
- Minkowitz HS, Rathmell JP, Vallow S, et al. Efficacy and safety of the fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (ITS) and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV PCA) with morphine for pain management following abdominal or pelvic surgery. Pain Med 2007;8:657-68
- Viscusi ER, Reynolds L, Chung F, et al. Patient-controlled transdermal fentanyl hydrochloride vs intravenous morphine pump for postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1333-41
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000
- Anderson LS, Grafelman DD, Carnes EJ, et al. Development and validation of an exceptionally sensitive LC-MS/MS method to analyze fentanyl and naltrexone in human serum. AAPS PharmSci 2002;4(4):[abstract W5207]
- Cutler DJ. Linear systems analysis in pharmacokinetics. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1978;6:265-82
- Veng-Pedersen P. Linear and nonlinear system approaches in pharmacokinetics: how much do they have to offer? I. General considerations. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1988;16:413-72
- Gillespie WR. PCDCON: Manual of Deconvolution for Pharmacokinetic Analysis. Austin, TX: University of Texas, 1991
- Gupta SK, Southam M, Sathyan G, et al. Effect of current density on pharmacokinetics following continuous or intermittent input from a fentanyl electrotransport system. J Pharm Sci 1998;87:976-81
- DURAGESIC® (fentanyl transdermal system) [package insert]. Titusville, NJ: Ortho-McNeil-Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2008
- Sathyan G, Jaskowiak J, Evashenk M, et al. Characterisation of the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS): effect of current magnitude and multiple-day dosing, and comparison with IV fentanyl administration. Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44 (Suppl 1):7-15
- Gourlay GK, Kowalski SR, Plummer JL, et al. Fentanyl blood concentration-analgesic response relationship in the treatment of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 1988;67:329-37
- Mildh LH, Scheinin H, Kirvelä OA. The concentration-effect relationship of the respiratory depressant effects of alfentanil and fentanyl. Anesth Analg 2001;93:939-46
- Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Hwang SS, et al. Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1989;70:928-34
- Sathyan G, Zomorodi K, Gidwani S, et al. The effect of dosing frequency on the pharmacokinetics of fentanyl HCl patient-controlled transdermal system (PCTS). Clin Pharmacokinet 2005;44 (Suppl 1):17-24