385
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Perspectives on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goal achievement

Pages 431-447 | Accepted 18 Nov 2008, Published online: 23 Dec 2008

References

  • Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383-9
  • Downs J, Clearfield M, Weis S, et al. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study. JAMA 1998; 279:1615-22
  • Shepherd, J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al., for the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-7
  • Anderson K, Castelli WP, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality: 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham study. JAMA 1987; 257:2176-80
  • Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD. Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356 222 primary screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). JAMA 1986;256:2823-8
  • Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R, et al., for the Treating to New Targets investigators. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1220-6
  • Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2005 update. Available at:http://americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1105390918119HDSStats2005Update.pdf [accessed 11 July 2007]
  • Total prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes. Available at: http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-statistics/prevalence.jsp. [accessed 11 July 2007]
  • Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: executive summary: Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 2375-414
  • Gaddi A, Cicero AF, Odoo FO, et al. Practical guidelines for familial combined hyperlipidemia diagnosis: an up-date. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2007;3:877-86
  • Sibley C, Stone NJ. Familial hypercholesterolemia: a challenge of diagnosis and therapy. Cleve Clin J Med 2006;73:57-64
  • Berger AK, Duval SJ, Armstrong C, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of hypercholesterolemia in elderly acute myocardial infarction patients: a population-based study. Am J Geriatr Cardiol 2007;16:15-23
  • Jacobson TA. Overcoming ‘ageism’ bias in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia: a review of safety issues with statins in the elderly. Drug Saf 2006;29:421-48
  • Grundy S, Cleeman JI, Merz NB, et al., for the Coordinating Committee of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Implications of recent clinical trials of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines. Circulation 2004;100:227-39
  • Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al., for the Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:7-22
  • Cannon C, Braunwald E, McCabe C, et al. Intensive versus moderate lipid lowering with statins after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1495-504
  • de Lemos J, Blazing M, Wiviott S, et al. Early intensive vs a delayed conservative simvastatin strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes: phase Z of the A to Z trial. JAMA 2004;292:1307-16
  • Hulten E, Jackson JL, Douglas K, et al. The effect of early, intensive statin therapy on acute coronary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:1814-21
  • Afilalo J, Majdan A, Eisenberg M. Intensive statin therapy in acute coronary syndromes and stable coronary heart disease: a comparative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart 2007;93:914-21
  • Smith G, Song F, Sheldon TA. Cholesterol lowering and mortality: the importance of considering initial level of risk. BMJ 1993;306:1367-73
  • Rydén L, Standl E, Bartnik M, et al. Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases: executive summary. The Task Force on Diabetes and Cardiovascular Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J 2007;28:88-136
  • Graham I, Atar D, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2007;14 (Suppl 2):S1-113
  • Adult Treatment Panel. Executive Summary of The Third Report of The National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, And Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-97
  • National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143-421
  • Smith S, Allen J, Blair SN, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for secondary prevention for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2006 Update. Circulation 2006;113:2363-72
  • De Backer G, Ambrosioni E, Borch-Johnsen K, et al. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Third Joint Task Force of European and other societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical practice. Executive Summary. Eur Heart J 2003;24:1601-10
  • British Cardiac Society, B.H.S, Diabetes UK, HEART UK, Primary Care Cardiovascular Society, The Stroke Association JBS 2: Joint British Societies’ guidelines on prevention of cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. Heart 2005;9( Suppl V):1-52
  • Executive summary: standards of medical care in diabetes – 2008. Diabetes Care 2008;31( Suppl 1):S5-11
  • Kearney PM, Blackwell L, Collins R, et al. Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008; 371:117-25
  • Kim HS, Wu Y, Lin SJ, et al. Current status of cholesterol goal attainment after statin therapy among patients with hypercholesterolemia in Asian countries and region: the Return on Expenditure Achieved for Lipid Therapy in Asia (REALITY-Asia) study. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:1951-63
  • Ho KT, Chin KW, Ng KS, et al. The A-SACT (Achievement in Singapore of Cholesterol Targets) study in patients with coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2006;6:383-91
  • Alemao E, Yin D, Sintonen H, et al. Evaluation of lipid-lowering therapy and cholesterol goal attainment in Finland: the National FINRISK Study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2006;6:349-55
  • Paragh G, Mark L, Zamolyi K, et al. Lipid-modifying therapy and attainment of cholesterol goals in Hungary: the return on expenditure achieved for lipid therapy (REALITY) study. Clin Drug Investig 2007;27:647-60
  • Van Ganse E, Laforest L, Alemao E, et al. Lipid-modifying therapy and attainment of cholesterol goals in Europe: the Return on Expenditure Achieved for Lipid Therapy (REALITY) study. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1389-99
  • Pearson TA, Laurora I, Chu H, et al. The lipid treatment assessment project (L-TAP): a multicenter survey to evaluate the percentages of dyslipidemic patients receiving lipid-lowering therapy and achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:459-67
  • Wood DA, Kotseva K, Connolly S, et al. Nurse-coordinated multidisciplinary, family-based cardiovascular disease prevention programme (EUROACTION) for patients with coronary heart disease and asymptomatic individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease: a paired, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2008;371:1999-2012
  • Laforest L, Souchet T, Ritleng C, et al. LDL-Cholesterol goal attainment according to cardiovascular risk level in patients receiving lipid lowering therapy in primary care. Presented at European Society of Cardiology. Vienna, Austria (September 2007)
  • Davidson M., Maki KC, Pearson TA, et al. Results of the National Cholesterol Education (NCEP) Program Evaluation ProjecT Utilizing Novel E-Technology (NEPTUNE) II survey and implications for treatment under the recent NCEP writing group recommendations. Am J Cardiol 2005;96:556-63
  • Ballantyne CM, Raichlen JS, Cain VA. Statin therapy alters the relationship between apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol targets in high-risk patients: the MERCURY II (Measuring Effective Reductions Using Rosuvastatin TherapY II) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:626-32
  • Robinson JG, Stone NJ. Identifying patients for aggressive cholesterol lowering: the risk curve concept. Am J Cardiol 2006; 98:1405-8
  • Phillips LS, Branch WT, Cook CB, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:825-34
  • Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 2000;101:207-13
  • Roberts WC. The rule of 5 and the rule of 7 in lipid-lowering by statin drugs. Am J Cardiol 1997;80:106-7
  • Amarenco P, Bogousslavsky J, Callahan A III, et al. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med 2006;355:549-59
  • Pedersen TR, Færgeman O, Kastelein JJ, et al. High-dose atorvastatin vs usual-dose simvastatin for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction: the IDEAL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;294:2437-45
  • Bruckert E, Hayem G, Dejager S, et al. Mild to moderate muscular symptoms with high-dosage statin therapy in hyperlipidemic patients – the PRIMO study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2005;19:403-14
  • The SEARCH Collaborative group. SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy: a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2008;359:789-99
  • Kiortsis DN, Giral P, Bruckert E, et al. Factors associated with low compliance with lipid-lowering drugs in hyperlipidemic patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2000;25:445-51
  • Benner JS, Glynn RJ, Mogun H, et al. Long-term persistence in use of statin therapy in elderly patients. JAMA 2002; 288:455-61
  • Jackevicius CA, Mamdani M, Tu JV. Adherence with statin therapy in elderly patients with and without acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2002;288:462-7
  • Avorn J, Monette J, Lacour A, et al. Persistence of use of lipid-lowering medications: a cross-national study. JAMA 1998;279:1458-62
  • Simons LA, Levis G, Simons J. Apparent discontinuation rates in patients prescribed lipid-lowering drugs. Med J Aust 1996; 164:208-11
  • Andrade SE, Walker AM, Gottlieb LK, et al. Discontinuation of antihyperlipidemic drugs – do rates reported in clinical trials reflect rates in primary care settings? N Engl J Med 1995; 332:1125-31
  • Kamal-Bahl SJ, Burke T, Watson D, et al. Discontinuation of lipid modifying drugs among commercially insured United States patients in recent clinical practice. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99:530-4
  • West of Scotland Study Group. Compliance and adverse event withdrawal: their impact on the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Eur Heart J 1997;18:1718-24
  • Lipid Research Clinics. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. II. The relationship of reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease to cholesterol lowering. JAMA 1984;251:365-74
  • Rasmussen JN, Chong A, Alter DA. Relationship between adherence to evidence-based pharmacotherapy and long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 2007; 297:177-86
  • Mosaffarian D, Promise of improving metabolic and lifestyle risk in practice. Comment. Lancet 2008;371:1973-4
  • Lee JK, Grace KA, Taylor AJ. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;296:2563-71
  • Benner JS, Tierce JC, Ballantyne CM, et al. Follow-up lipid tests and physician visits are associated with improved adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoeconomics 2004;22 (Suppl 3):13-23
  • Nissen SE, Tuzcu EM, Schoenhagen P, et al. Effect of intensive compared with moderate lipid-lowering therapy on progression of coronary atherosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:1071-80
  • Robinson JG, Davidson MH. Combination therapy with ezetimibe and simvastatin to achieve aggressive LDL reduction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2006;4:461-76
  • Catapano AL, Davidson MH, Ballantyne CM, et al. Lipid-altering efficacy of the ezetimibe/simvastatin single tablet versus rosuvastatin in hypercholesterolemic patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:2041-53
  • Cruz-Fernandez J, Bedarida GV, Adgey J, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe co-administered with ongoing atorvastatin therapy in achieving low-density lipoprotein goal in patients with hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 2005;59:619-27
  • Farnier M, Volpe M, Massaad R, et al. Effect of co-administering ezetimibe with on-going simvastatin treatment on LDL-C goal attainment in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary heart disease. Int J Cardiol 2005;102:327-32
  • Brohet C, Banai S, Alings AMW, et al. LDL-C goal attainment with the addition of ezetimibe to ongoing simvastatin treatment in coronary heart disease patients with hypercholesterolemia. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:571-8
  • Ballantyne C, Abate N, Yuan Z, et al. Dose-comparison study of the combination of ezetimibe and simvastatin (Vytorin) versus atorvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia: The Vytorin Versus Atorvastatin (VYVA) Study. Am Heart J 2005;149:464-73
  • Goldberg R, Guyton JR, Mazzone T, et al. Ezetimibe/simvastatin vs. atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia: the VYTAL study. Mayo Clinic Proc 2006;81:1579-88
  • Barrios V, Amabile N, Paganelli F, et al. Lipid-altering efficacy of switching from atorvastatin 10 mg/day to ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 mg/day compared to doubling the dose of atorvastatin in hypercholesterolaemic patients with atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease. Int J Clin Pract 2005; 59:1377-86
  • Constance C, Westphal S, Chung N, et al. Efficacy of ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/20 and 10/40 mg compared with atorvastatin 20 mg in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obesity Metabolism 2007;9:575-84
  • Reckless JPD, Henry P, Pmykaj T, et al. Lipid-altering efficacy of ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg compared with doubling the statin dose in patients admitted to the hospital for a recent coronary event: the INFORCE study. Int J Clin Pract 2008; 62:539-54
  • Bays HE, Davidson M, Jones MR, et al. Effects of colesevelam hydrochloride on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein when added to statins in patients with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol 2006;97:1198-205
  • Bays H, Rhyne J, Abby S, et al. Lipid-lowering effects of colesevelam HCl in combination with ezetimibe. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:2191-200
  • Hunninghake D, Insull W Jr, Toth P, et al. Coadministration of colesevelam hydrochloride with atorvastatin lowers LDL cholesterol additively. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:407-16
  • Davidson MH, Toth P, Weiss S, et al. Low-dose combination therapy with colesevelam hydrochloride and lovastatin effectively decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Clin Cardiol 2001; 24:467-74
  • Knapp HH, Schrott H, Ma P, et al. Efficacy and safety of combination simvastatin and colesevelam in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Med 2001;110:352-60
  • Davidson MH. The use of colesevelam hydrochloride in the treatment of dyslipidemia: a review. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8:2569-78
  • Insull W Jr, McGovern ME, Schrott H, et al. Efficacy of extended-release niacin with lovastatin for hypercholesterolemia: assessing all reasonable doses with innovative surface graph analysis. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1121-7
  • Armstrong EP, Zachry WM III, Malone DC. Cost-effectiveness analysis of simvastatin and lovastatin/extended-release niacin to achieve LDL and HDL goal using NHANES data. J Manag Care Pharm 2004;10:251-8
  • Kashyap ML, McGovern ME, Berra K, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of a once-daily niacin/lovastatin formulation for patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2002;89:672-8
  • Paolini JF, Mitchel YB, Reyes R, et al. Effects of laropiprant on nicotinic acid-induced flushing in patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:625-30
  • Lai E, De Lepeleire I, Crumley TM, et al. Suppression of niacin-induced vasodilation with an antagonist to prostaglandin D2 receptor subtype 1. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81:849-57
  • Goldberg RB, Jacobson TA. Effects of niacin on glucose control in patients with dyslipidemia. Mayo Clin Proc 2008;83:470-8
  • Calhoun H, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-96
  • Miettinen TA, Gylling H. Ineffective decrease of serum cholesterol by simvastatin in a subgroup of hypercholesterolemic coronary patients. Atherosclerosis 2002;164:147-52
  • Miettinen TA, Strandberg TE, Gylling H. Noncholesterol sterols and cholesterol lowering by long-term simvastatin treatment in coronary patients: relation to basal serum cholestanol. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20:1340-6
  • Assmann G, Kannenberg F, Ramey DR, et al. Effects of ezetimibe, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and ezetimibe-statin therapies on non-cholesterol sterols in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:249-59
  • Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, et al. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1431-43
  • Jackson G. ENHANCE: food for the ostriches. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:667-8
  • Greenland P, Lloyd-Jones D. Critical lessons from the ENHANCE trial. JAMA 2008;299:953-5
  • Superko HR, King S III. Lipid management to reduce cardiovascular risk: a new strategy is required. Circulation 2008; 117:560-8
  • Grundy SM. Promise of low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapy for primary and secondary prevention. Circulation 2008; 117:569-73
  • Smilde TJ, van Wissen S, Wollersheim H, et al. Effect of aggressive versus conventional lipid lowering on atherosclerosis progression in familial hypercholesterolaemia (ASAP): a prospective, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet 2001; 357:577-81
  • Ali YS, Rembold KE, Weaver B, et al. Prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events by age-normalized carotid intimal medial thickness. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:186-90
  • Carotid atorvastatin study in hyperlipidemic post-menopausal women (CASHMERE). Clinicaltrials.gov identifier NCT00163163. Available from http://clinicaltrials/gov/ct2/show/NCT00163163
  • Howard BV, Roman MJ, Devereux RB, et al. Effect of lower targets for blood pressure and LDL cholesterol on atherosclerosis in diabetes: the SANDS randomized trial. JAMA 2008;299:1678-89
  • Rossebø AB, Pedersen TR, Boman K, et al. Intensive lipid lowering with simvastatin and ezetimibe in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1343-56
  • Maitland-van der Zee H, Stricker BH, Klungel OH, et al. Adherence to and dosing of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors in the general population differs according to apolipoprotein E genotype. Pharmacogenetics 2003;13:219-23

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.