Psycho-pharmacotherapy for anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder: the issue of prolonged barbiturate retention

References

• Kosten TR, O'Connor PG. Management of drug and alcohol withdrawal. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1786-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sellers EM. Alcohol, barbiturate and benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromes: clinical management. CMAJ 1988;139:113-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero CE, Baron JD, Knox AP, et al. Barbiturate withdrawal following Internet purchase of Fioricet. Arch Neurol 2004;61:1111-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota Y, Yoneda K, Nakai K, et al. DRESS in a patient taking a dietary supplement containing phenobarbital purchased over the internet. Eur J Dermatol 2008;18:209-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mezciems PE. Withdrawal strategies for outpatients. Alcohol, benzodiazepine, barbiturate, and opiate addictions. Can Fam Physician 1996;42:1745-52
   Google Scholar
• Perry PJ, Stambaugh RL, Tsuang MT, et al. Sedative-hypnotic tolerance testing and withdrawal comparing diazepam to barbiturates. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1981;1:289-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry MJ, Smith DE, McDuff DR, et al. Benzodiazepine dependence and withdrawal: identification and medical management. J Am Board Fam Pract 1992;5:167-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith DE, Landry MJ. Benzodiazepine dependency discontinuation: focus on the chemical dependency detoxification setting and benzodiazepine-polydrug abuse. J Psychiatr Res 1990;24(Suppl 2):145-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eadie MJ, Hooper WD. Other barbiturates – methylphenobarbital. In: Levy EH, Mattson R, Meldrum BS, et al., eds. Antiepileptic Drugs, Chapter 55. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams and Wilkins, 2002
   Google Scholar
• Hollister LE. The pre-benzodiazepine era. J Psychoactive Drugs 1983;15:9-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roache JD, Griffiths RR. Lorazepam and meprobamate dose effects in humans: behavioral effects and abuse liability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;243:978-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawertailo LA, Busto UE, Kaplan HL, et al. Comparative abuse liability and pharmacological effects of meprobamate, triazolam, and butabarbital. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2003;23:269-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koppi S, Eberhardt G, Haller R, et al. Calcium-channel-blocking agent in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal-caroverine versus meprobamate in a randomized double-blind study. Neuropsychobiology 1987;17:49-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huebschmann H-J. Handbook of GC/MS – Fundamentals and Applications. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Daval S, Richard D, Souweine B, et al. A one-step and sensitive GC-MS assay for meprobamate determination in emergency situations. J Anal Toxicol 2006;30:302-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kintz P, Mangin P. Determination of meprobamate in human plasma, urine, and hair by gas chromatography and electron impact mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 1993;17:408-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNichol RW, Vogtsberger KN, Zule WA. Phenobarbital as an adjunct for alprazolam withdrawal. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:1688-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravi NV, Maany I, Burke WM, et al. Detoxification with phenobarbital of alprazolam-dependent polysubstance abusers. J Subst Abuse Treat 1990;7:55-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Abe S, Nakajima M, et al. Role of human CYP2B6 in S-mephobarbital N-demethylation. Drug Metab Dispos 1999;27:1429-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pond S, Jacob P 3rd, Humphreys M, et al. Impaired metabolism of methylphenobarbital after a combined drug overdose: treatment by resin hemoperfusion. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1982;19:187-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young RS, Alger PM, Bauer L, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study of phenobarbital and mephobarbital. J Child Neurol 1986;1:361-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heeringa-Karreman M, van Munster ET. [Intoxication due to replacement of the precursor methylphenobarbital by phenobarbital]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2006;150:977-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hassler F. [A barbiturate derivative-induced depressive syndrome in a 9-year-old boy with complex focal seizures and secondary generalization – a case report]. Psychiatr Neurol Med Psychol (Leipz) 1989;41:737-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kupfer A, Branch RA. Stereoselective mephobarbital hydroxylation cosegregates with mephenytoin hydroxylation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;38:414-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WH, Hooper WD. Stereoselective metabolism and pharmacokinetics of racemic methylphenobarbital in humans. Drug Metab Dispos 1989;17:212-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bismuth C, Baud FJ, Galliot M, et al. [Liver metabolism of meprobamate: clinical estimation in acute intoxication]. J Toxicol Clin Exp 1985;5:321-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kobayashi K, Morita J, Chiba K, et al. Pharmacogenetic roles of CYP2C19 and CYP2B6 in the metabolism of R- and S-mephobarbital in humans. Pharmacogenetics 2004;14:549-56
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shastry BS. SNPs in disease gene mapping, medicinal drug development and evolution. J Hum Genet 2007;52:871-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morita J, Kobayashi K, Wanibuchi A, et al. A novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the CYP2C19 gene in a Japanese subject with lowered capacity of mephobarbital 4′-hydroxylation. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2004;19:236-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Willson TM, Kliewer SA. PXR, CAR and drug metabolism. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;1:259-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waxman DJ, Azaroff L. Phenobarbital induction of cytochrome P-450 gene expression. Biochem J 1992;281:577-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwan P, Brodie MJ. Phenobarbital for the treatment of epilepsy in the 21st century: a critical review. Epilepsia 2004;45:1141-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincenzi B, Santini D, Grilli C, et al. Complications of therapy in cancer patients: Case 3. Toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by oral phenobarbital and whole-brain radiotherapy in a breast cancer patient. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4649-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal RN, Perkel C, Singh P, et al. A pilot open randomized trial of valproate and phenobarbital in the treatment of acute alcohol withdrawal. Am J Addict 1998;7:189-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts I. Barbiturates for acute traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000; Art. No.: CD000033. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000033
   Google Scholar
• Horsmans Y, Lannes D, Pessayre D, et al. Possible association between poor metabolism of mephenytoin and hepatotoxicity caused by Atrium, a fixed combination preparation containing phenobarbital, febarbamate and difebarbamate. J Hepatol 1994;21:1075-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lafferty KA. Barbiturate Toxicity. eMedicine -- point of care evidence-based medical reference on the internet. New York, NY, 2009. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/813155-overview [Last accessed 7April 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg MC, Cunningham A, Lindberg NH. Acute phenobarbital intoxication. South Med J 1992;85:803-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhlesi B, Leikin JB, Murray P, et al. Adult toxicology in critical care: Part II: specific poisonings. Chest 2003;123:897-922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenia ML, Schauben JL, Wears RL, et al. Multiple-dose activated charcoal compared to urinary alkalinization for the enhancement of phenobarbital elimination. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1996;34:169-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proudfoot AT, Krenzelok EP, Vale JA. Position Paper on urine alkalinization. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2004;42:1-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MychetzkyRH, Lassen NA. Forced diuresis in treatment of acute barbiturate poisoning. In: Matthew H, ed. Acute Barbiturate Poisoning. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1971:195-204
   Google Scholar
• Costello JB, Poklis A. Treatment of massive phenobarbital overdose with dopamine diuresis. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:938-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs F, Brivet FG. Conventional haemodialysis significantly lowers toxic levels of phenobarbital. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004;19:1663-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar