References
- Durelli L, Verdun E, Barbero P, et al. Every-other-day interferon beta-1b versus once-weekly interferon beta-1a for multiple sclerosis: results of a 2-year prospective randomised multicentre study (INCOMIN). Lancet 2002;359:1453-60
- Panitch H, Goodin DS, Francis G, et al. Randomized, comparative study of interferon beta-1a treatment regimens in MS: the EVIDENCE trial. Neurology 2002;59:1496-506
- Wolansky LJ, Cook SD, Sheynzon J, et al. Betaseron vs. Copaxone in multiple sclerosis with triple-dose gadolinium and 3-T MRI Endpoints (BECOME): efficacy of the optimised MRI protocol and announcement of primary study outcome. Mult Scler 2006;12(Suppl 1):S98
- O'Connor P, Filippi M, Arnason B, et al. 250 microg or 500 microg interferon beta-1b versus 20 mg glatiramer acetate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a prospective, randomised, multicentre study. Lancet Neurol 2009;10:889-97
- Mikol DD, Barkhof F, Chang P, et al. Comparison of subcutaneous interferon beta-1a with glatiramer acetate in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (the REbif vs Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing MS Disease [REGARD] study): a multicentre, randomised, parallel, open-label trial. Lancet Neurol 2008;7:903-14
- Polman CH, O'Connor PW, Havrdova E, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:899-910
- Giovannoni G, Comi G, Cook S, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral cladribine for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:416-26
- Kappos L, Radue E-W, O’Connor P, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:387-401
- Cohen JA, Barkhof F, Comi G, et al. Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:402-15
- Klawiter EC, Cross AH, Naismith RT. The present efficacy of multiple sclerosis therapeutics: Is the new 66% just the old 33%? Neurology 2009;73:984-90
- IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1993;43:655-61
- Jacobs LD, Cookfair DL, Rudick RA, et al. Intramuscular interferon beta-1a for disease progression in relapsing multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 1996;39:285-94
- Johnson KP, Brooks BR, Cohen JA, et al. Copolymer 1 reduces relapse rate and improves disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results of a phase III multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1995;45:1268-76
- PRISMS Study Group. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study of interferon beta-1a in relapsing/remitting multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1998;352:1498-504
- Coles AJ, Compston DA, Selmaj KW, et al. Alemtuzumab vs. interferon beta-1a in early multiple sclerosis. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1786-801
- McDonald WI, Compston A, Edan G, et al. Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines from the International Panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2001;50:121-7
- Poser CM, Paty DW, Scheinberg L, et al. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: guidelines for research protocols. Ann Neurol 1983;13:227-31
- Fangerau T, Schimrigk S, Haupts M, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: comparison of the Poser criteria and the new McDonald criteria. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;109:385-9
- Goodin DS, Frohman EM, Garmany GP, et al. Disease modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the MS Council for Clinical Practice Guidelines. Neurology 2002;58:169-78
- Rieckmann P. Improving MS patient care. J Neurol 2004;251(Suppl 5):v69-73
- Association of British Neurologists. ABN Guidelines for Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with Beta-Interferon and Glatiramer Acetate. London: Association of British Neurologists, 2007
- Thygesen P. [Evaluation of drug treatment of disseminated sclerosis]. Ugeskr Laeger 1965;127:1448-50
- Cree BA, Khan O, Bourdette D, et al. Clinical characteristics of African Americans vs Caucasian Americans with multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2004;63:2039-45
- Wasay M, Khatri IA, Khealani B, et al. MS in Asian countries. Int MS J 2006;13:58-65
- Benamer HT, Ahmed ES, Al-Din AS, et al. Frequency and clinical patterns of multiple sclerosis in Arab countries: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci 2009;278:1-4
- Hawkins SA, McDonnell GV. Benign multiple sclerosis? Clinical course, long term follow up, and assessment of prognostic factors. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999;67:148-52
- Sayao AL, Devonshire V, Tremlett H. Longitudinal follow-up of “benign” multiple sclerosis at 20 years. Neurology 2007;68:496-500
- Rammohan K, Comi G, Cook S, et al. Consistent efficacy of short-course cladribine tablets therapy across differing prognostic indicators for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: results from the phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 96-week CLARITY study. Mult Scler 2010;16(Suppl):S146
- Rothwell PM. External validity of randomised controlled trials: “to whom do the results of this trial apply?”. Lancet 2005;365:82-93
- Koch-Henriksen N, Sorensen PS, Christensen T, et al. A randomized study of two interferon-beta treatments in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2006;66:1056-60
- Alonso A, Hernan MA. Temporal trends in the incidence of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review. Neurology 2008;71:129-35
- Kraft G, Mitiku N, Bamer AM, et al. Multiple sclerosis is increasingly becoming a female disease. Neurology 2010;74(Suppl 2):A64
- Polman CH, Reingold SC, Barkhof F, et al. Ethics of placebo-controlled clinical trials in multiple sclerosis: a reassessment. Neurology 2008;70:1134-40
- Sormani MP, Rovaris M, Comi G, et al. A composite score to predict short-term disease activity in patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Neurology 2007;69:1230-5
- Havrdova E, Galetta S, Hutchinson M, et al. Effect of natalizumab on clinical and radiological disease activity in multiple sclerosis: a retrospective analysis of the Natalizumab Safety and Efficacy in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (AFFIRM) study. Lancet Neurol 2009;8:254-60
- Giovannoni G, Cook S, Rammohan K, et al. Sustained disease-activity-free status in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis treated with cladribine tablets in the CLARITY study: a post-hoc and subgroup analysis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:329-37