ADHD medication use, adherence, persistence and cost among Texas Medicaid children

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Attention-deficit and disruptive behavior disorders. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th, Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 2000:85-93
   Google Scholar
• Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Richters JE, et al. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1073-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;46:894-921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pliszka SR, Crismon ML, Hughes CW, et al. The Texas Children's Medication Algorithm Project: revision of the algorithm for pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;45:642-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics. Clinical practice guideline: treatment of the school-aged child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 2001;108:1033-44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad S, Steer C. Switching from neurostimulant therapy to atomoxetine in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: clinical approaches and review of current available evidence. Paediatr Drugs 2008;10:39-47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pelham WE, Gnagy EM, Chronis AM, et al. A comparison of morning-only and morning/late afternoon Adderall to morning-only, twice-daily, and three times-daily methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 1999;104:1300-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manos MJ, Short EJ, Findling RL. Differential effectiveness of methylphenidate and Adderall in school-age youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:813-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau SS, Shen HY, Chou MC, et al. Determinants of adherence to methylphenidate and the impact of poor adherence on maternal and family measures. Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2006;16:286-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spencer TJ, Biederman J, Mick E. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis, lifespan, comorbidities, and neurobiology. Ambul Pediatr 2007;7:73-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S, et al. Predictors of persistence and remission of ADHD into adolescence: results from a four-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:343-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, et al. Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics 2009;124:71-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hack S, Chow B. Pediatric psychotropic medication compliance: a literature review and research-based suggestions for improving treatment compliance. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2001;11:59-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perwien A, Hall J, Swensen A, et al. Stimulant treatment patterns and compliance in children and adults with newly treated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Manag Care Pharm 2004;10:122-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Faraone SV, Biederman J, Zimmerman B. An analysis of patient adherence to treatment during a 1-year, open-label study of OROS methylphenidate in children with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2007;11:157-66
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Swanson J. Compliance with stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: issues and approaches for improvement. CNS Drugs 2003;17:117-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gau SS, Chen SJ, Chou WJ, et al. National survey of adherence, efficacy, and side effects of methylphenidate in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in Taiwan. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69:131-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus SC, Wan GJ, Kemner JE, et al. Continuity of methylphenidate treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005;159:572-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez RJ, Crismon ML, Barner JC, et al. Assessment of adherence measures with different stimulants among children and adolescents. Pharmacotherapy 2005;25:909-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen L, Sasane R, Hodgkins P, et al. Pharmacological treatment patterns among patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: retrospective claims-based analysis of a managed care population. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26:977-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen PS, Arnold LE, Severe JB, et al. National Institute of Mental Health Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD follow-up: changes in effectiveness and growth after the end of treatment. Pediatrics 2004;113:762-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charach A, Ickowicz A, Schachar R. Stimulant treatment over five years: adherence, effectiveness, and adverse effects. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004;43:559-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firestone P. Factors associated with children's adherence to stimulant medication. Am J Orthopsychiatry 1982;52:447-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiruchelvam D, Charach A, Schachar RJ. Moderators and mediators of long-term adherence to stimulant treatment in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:922-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AR, Lalonde CE, McGrail KM. Children's persistence with methylphenidate therapy: a population-based study. Can J Psychiatry 2004;49:761-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss M, Jain U, Garland J. Clinical suggestions for management of stimulant treatment in adolescents. Can J Psychiatry 2000;45:717-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelham WE Jr, Waschbusch DA, Hoza B, et al. Effects of methylphenidate and expectancy on performance, self-evaluations, persistence, and attributions on a social task in boys with ADHD. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2001;9:425-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atzori P, Usala T, Carucci S, et al. Predictive factors for persistent use and compliance of immediate-release methylphenidate: a 36-month naturalistic study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2009;19:673-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham J, Coghill D. Adverse effects of pharmacotherapies for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: epidemiology, prevention and management. CNS Drugs 2008;22:213-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson AP, Bettinger TL, Patel NC, et al. Atomoxetine versus stimulants for treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:1134-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolraich ML, McGuinn L, Doffing M. Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: safety considerations. Drug Saf 2007;30:17-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eli Lilly and Company. Strattera Safety Information. Strattera Atomoxetine HCl, 2010. Available at: http://pi.lilly.com/us/strattera-pi.pdf [Last accessed 7 January 2010]
   Google Scholar
• Schubiner H. Substance abuse in patients with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs 2005;19:643-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangs ME, Jin L, Zhang S, et al. Hepatic events associated with atomoxetine treatment for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drug Saf 2008;31:345-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangs ME, Tauscher-Wisniewski S, Polzer J, et al. Meta-analysis of suicide-related behavior events in patients treated with atomoxetine. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:209-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascade E, Kalali A, Weisler R, et al. Seasonality and the changing adult/child prescription ratios in ADHD therapy. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 2008;5:23-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dailey G, Kim MS, Lian JF. Patient compliance and persistence with antihyperglycemic drug regimens: evaluation of a medicaid patient population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 2001;23:1311-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnan PT, MacDonald TM, Morris AD. Adherence to prescribed oral hypoglycaemic medication in a population of patients with Type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Diabet Med 2002;19:279-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkness CM, Snow DA. The patient's view of hypertension and compliance. Am J Prev Med 1992;8:141-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shalansky SJ, Levy AR. Effect of number of medications on cardiovascular therapy adherence. Ann Pharmacother 2002;36:1532-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Cleave J, Leslie LK. Approaching ADHD as a chronic condition: implications for long-term adherence. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2008;46:28-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Pediatrics & National Initiative for Children’s Healthcare Quality. Caring for children with ADHD: a resource toolkit for clinicians. 2002. Available at: http://www.nichq.org/login_req.html?returnpage=/toolkits_publications/complete_adhd/index.html [Last accessed 15 May 2010]
   Google Scholar