Blood glucose and subsequent cardiovascular disease: update of a meta-analysis

References

• Juutilainen A, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, et al. Similarity of the impact of type 1 and type 2 diabetes on cardiovascular mortality in middle-aged subjects. Diabetes Care 2008;31:714-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner R, Cull C, Holmann R. UKPDS 17: a 9 year update on Type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:136-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanefeld M, Temelkova-Kurktschiev T. Control of post-prandial hyperglycemia – an essential part of good diabetes treatment and prevention of cardiovascular complications. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2002;12:98-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanefeld M, Schulze J, Fischer S, et al. The Diabetes Intervention Study (DIS): a cooperative multi-intervention trial with newly manifested type II diabetics: preliminary results. Monogr Atheroscler 1985;13:98-103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavalot F, Petrelli A, Traversa M, et al. Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga Diabetes Study. J Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:813-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora E, Muggeo M. Postprandial blood glucose as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in Type II diabetes: the epidemiological evidence. Diabetologia 2001;44:2107-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DECODE. Glucose tolerance and mortality: comparison of WHO and American Diabetic Association diagnostic criteria. Lancet 1999;354:617-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutinho M, Wong Y, Gerstein H, Yusuf S. The relationship between glucose and incident cardiovascular events. A metaregression analysis of published data from 20 studies of 95,783 individuals followed for 12.4 years. Diabetes Care 1999;22:233-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick E, Rigby A, Atkin S. Mean blood glucose compared with HbA1c in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51:365-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson C, Yudkin J, Forrest R. A comparison of the relationships of the glucose tolerance test and the glycated hemoglobin assay with diabetic vascular disease in the community. The Islington Diabetes Survey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992;17:111-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Vegt F, Dekker J, Ruhe H, et al. Hyperglycaemia is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the Hoorn population: the Hoorn Study. Diabetologia 1999;42:926-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Keefe J, Bell D. Postprandial hyperglycemia/hyperlipidemia (postprandial dysmetabolism) is a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:899-904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell D, O’Keefe J, Jellinger P. Postprandial dysmetabolism: the missing link between diabetes and cardiovascular events? Endocr Pract 2008;14:112-24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blake D, Meigs J, Muller D, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance, but not impaired fasting glucose, is associated with increased levels of coronary heart disease risk factors: Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging. Diabetes 2004;53:2095-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpentier G, Riveline J-P, Dardari D, et al. Should postprandial hyperglycaemia in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic patients be treated? Drugs 2006;66:273-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: report of a WHO/IDF consultation. Geneva: WHO Document Production Services, 2006
   Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2006;29(Suppl 1):S43-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochran W. The combination of estimates from different experiments. Biometrics 1954;10:101-29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom A, Liao F, Szklo M, et al. A prospective study of coronary heart disease in relation to fasting insulin, glucose, and diabetes: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Diabetes Care 1997;20:935-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr E, Zimmet P, Welborn T, et al. Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance. The Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab). Circulation 2007;16:151-7
   Google Scholar
• Yarnell J, Pickering J, Elwood P, et al. Does non-diabetic hyperglycemia predict future IHD? Evidence from the Caerphilly and Speedwell studies. J Clin Epidemiol 1994;47:383-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroll M, Hagerup L. Relationship of fasting blood glucose to prevalence of ECG abnormalities and 10 yr risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases in men born in 1914: from the Glostrup Population Studies. J Chron Dis 1979;32:699-707
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ohlson L, Svarsudd K, Welin L, et al. Fasting blood glucose and risk of coronary heart disease, stroke, and all-cause mortality: a 17-year follow-up study of men born in 1913. Diabet Med 1986;8:33-7
   Google Scholar
• Pyörälä K, Savolainen E, Lehtovirta E, et al. Glucose tolerance and coronary heart disease: Helsinki Policemen Study. J Chron Dis 1979;32:729-45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shaten B, Kuller L, Neaton J. Association between baseline risk factors, cigarette smoking, and CHD mortality after 10.5 years. Prev Med 1991;20:655-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen C, Cheng T, Tsai S, et al. Increased mortality risks of pre-diabetes (impaired fasting glucose) in Taiwan. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2756-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjørnholt J, Nitter-Hauge S, Erikssen G, et al. Fasting blood glucose: an underestimated risk factor for cardiovascular death. Diabetes Care 1999;22:45-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Chunawala L, Linde R, et al. Comparison of the 1997 and 2003 American Diabetes Association classification of impaired fasting glucose: impact on prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, coronary heart disease risk factors, and coronary heart disease in a community-based medical practice. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48:293-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheidt-Nave C, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Sex differences in fasting glycemia as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease death. Am J Epidemiol 1991;133:565-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankow J, Kwan D, Duncan B, et al. Cardiometabolic risk in impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Diabetes Care 2007;30:325-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Silva A, Widmer L, Ziegler H, et al. The Basle Longitudinal Study: report on the relation of initial glucose level to baseline ECG abnormalities, peripheral artery disease, and subsequent mortality. J Chron Dis 1979;32:797-803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Qiao Q, Eriksson J, Jousilahti P, et al. Predicted properties of impaired glucose tolerance for cardiovascular risk are not explained by the development of overt diabetes during follow-up. Diabetes Care 2003;26:2910-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabauskas V. Glucose intolerance as contributor to noncommunicable disease morbidity and mortality: WHO Integrated Program for Community Health in Noncommunicable Diseases. Diabetes Care 1988;11:253-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyörälä K, et al. NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994;43:960-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowler W, Sasaki A, Melander A, et al. Glucose tolerance and mortality, including a substudy of tolbutamide treatment. Diabetologia 1997;40:680-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuomilehto J, Schranz A, Aldana D, et al. The effect of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance on mortality in Malta. Diabet Med 1994;11:170-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saydah S, Varas C, Miret M, et al. Postchallenge hyperglycemia and mortality in a national sample of US adults. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1397-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkau B, Pyörälä M, Shipley M, et al. High blood glucose concentration is a risk factor for middle-aged non-diabetic men. Diabetes Care 1998;21:360-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stengård J, Tuomilehto J, Pekkanen J, et al. Diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and mortality among elderly men: the Finnish cohorts of The Seven Countries Study. Diabetologia 1992;35:760-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma S, Cutter J, Tan C, et al. Associations of diabetes mellitus and ethnicity with mortality in a multiethnic Asian population: data from the 1992 Singapore National Health Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:543-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamler R, Stamler J, Lindberg H, et al. Asymptomatic hyperglycemia and coronary heart disease in middle-aged men in two employed populations in Chicago. J Chron Dis 1979;32:805-15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunner E, Fuller J, Shipley M, et al. Relation between blood glucose and coronary mortality over 33 years in the Whitehall Study. Diabetes Care 2006;29:26-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenhouse N, Murphy B, Welborn T. Busselton Population Study: risk associated with asymtomatic hyperglycemia. J Chron Dis 1979;32:693-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Orencia A, Daviglus M, Dyer A, et al. One-hour postload plasma glucose and risks of fatal coronary heart disease and stroke among nondiabetic men and women: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA) Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1997;50:1369-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donahue R, Abbott R, Reed D, et al. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry: the Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes 1987;36:689-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaccaro O, Ruth K, Stamler J. Relationship of postload plasma glucose to mortality with 19-yr follow-up: comparison of one versus two plasma glucose levels in the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study. Diabetes Care 1992;15:1328-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reunanen A, Pyörälä K, Aromaa A, et al. Glucose tolerance and coronary heart disease in middle-aged Finnish men: Social Insurance Institution’s Coronary Heart Disease Study. J Chron Dis 1979;32:747-58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Perry I, Wannamethee S, Whincup P, Shaper A. Asymptomatic hyperglycaemia and major ischemic heart disease events in Britain. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994;48:538-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kadowaki S, Okamura T, Hozawa A, et al. Relationship of elevated casual blood glucose level with coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the Japanese population. NIPPON DATA80. Diabetologia 2008;51:575-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lund Håheim L, Holme I, Hjermann I, Leren P. Nonfasting serum glucose and the risk of fatal stroke in diabetic and nondiabetic subjects: 18-year follow-up of the Oslo Study. Stroke 1995;26:774-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz-Vidal M, Garcia-Palmieri M, Costas R, et al. Abnormal blood glucose and coronary heart disease: the Puerto Rico Heart Health program. Diabetes Care 1983;6:556-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawthorne V, Gilmour W. Relationship of glucose to prevalence of ECG abnormalities at baseline and to 6-yr mortality in Scottish males aged 45–64 yr. J Chron Dis 1979;32:787-96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hart C, Hole D, Davey Smith G. Risk factors and 20-year stroke mortality in men and women in the Renfrew/Paisley Study in Scotland. Stroke 1999;30:1999-2007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar