Calcidiol [25(OH)D3]: from diagnostic marker to therapeutical agent

References

• Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Cavo MS, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone 2002;30:771-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmaniyan M, Bell NH. Racial, geographic, genetic and body habitus effects on vitamin D metabolism. In: Pike JW, Feldman D, Glorieux FH (eds). Vitamin D, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Academic Press, 2005:789-801
   Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Chen TC. Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1080-6S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant WB. Epidemiology of disease risks in relation to vitamin D insufficiency. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2006;92:65-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2001;22:477-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettica P, Bevilacqua M, Vago T, et al. High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among free-living postmenopausal women referred to an osteoporosis outpatient clinic in northern Italy for initial screening. Osteoporos Int 1999;9:226-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaelsson K, Baron JA, Snellman G, et al. Plasma vitamin D and mortality in older men: a community-based prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:841-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptors. Endocr Rev 2005;26:662-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of the US population: 1988–1994 compared with 2000–2004. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1519-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IOM. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Sanders KM, Stuart AL, Williamson EJ, et al. Annual high-dose oral vitamin D and falls and fractures in older women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;303:1815-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Harris BB. High-dose vitamin D supplementation: too much of a good thing? JAMA 2010;303:1861-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B, Mithal A, Bonjour JP, et al. IOF position statement: vitamin D recommendations for older adults. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:1151-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holick MF, Binkley NF, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:1911-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzoli R, Boonen S, Brandi ML, et al. Vitamin D supplementation in elderly or postmenopausal women: a 2013 update of the 2008 recommendations from the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO). Curr Med Res Opin 2013;29:305-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington, DC: National Academic Press, 2010
   Google Scholar
• Wolpowitz D, Gilchrest BA. The vitamin D question: how much do you need and how should you get it? J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;54:301-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer Working Group on ultraviolet (UV) light and skin cancer. The association of use of sunbeds with cutaneous malignant melanoma and other skin cancers: a systematic review. Int J Cancer 2006;120:1116-22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 22, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Ovesen L, Brot C, Jacobsen J. Food contents and biological activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a vitamin D metabolite to be reckoned with? Ann Nutr Metab 2003;47:107-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattila PH, Piironen VI, Uusi-rauva EJ, et al. Vitamin D contents in edile mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem 1994;42:2449-53
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avenell A, Gillespie WJ, Gillespie LD, et al. Vitamin D and Vitamin D Analogues for Preventing Fractures Associated with Involutional and Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. The Cochrane Collaboration. Issue 2. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Lowe H, Cusano NE, Binkley N, et al. Vitamin D toxicity due to a commonly available ‘over the counter’ remedy from the Dominican Republic. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:291-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaney RP, Armas LAG, Shary JR, et al. 25-Hydroxylation of vitamin D3: relation to circulating vitamin D3 under various input conditions. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;87:1738-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brannon PM. Key questions in vitamin D research. Scand J Clin Lab invest 2012;243:154-62
   Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Shao A, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Benefit–risk assessment of vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporos Int 2010;21:1121-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossini M, Gatti D, Viapiana O, et al. Short-term effects on bone turnover markers of a single high dose of oral vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E622-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Stocklin E, et al. Oral supplementation with 25(OH)D3 versus vitamin D3: effects on 25(OH)D levels, lower extremity function, blood pressure, and markers of innate immunity. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27:160-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blunt JW, DeLuca MF, Schonols HK. Hydroxycholecalciferol: a biologically active metabolite of vitamin D3. Biochemistry 1968;7:3317-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avioli LV, Lee SW, McDonald JE, et al. Metabolism of vitamin D3-3H in human subjects: distribution in blood, bile, feces, and urine. J Clin Invest 1967;46:983-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponchon G, Kennan AL, DeLuca HF. ‘Activation’ of vitamin D by the liver. J Clin Invest 1969;48:2032-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser DR, Kodicek E. Unique biosynthesis by kidney of a biologically active vitamin D metabolite. Nature 1970;228:764-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bièche I, Narjoz C, Asselah T, et al. Reverse transcriptase-PCR quantification of mRNA levels from cytochrome (CYP)1, CYP2 and CYP3 families in 22 different human tissues. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2007;17:731-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovesen LC, Brot C, Jakobsen J. Food contents and biologic activity of 25-hydroxyvitamin D: a vitamin D metabolite to be reckoned with? Ann Nutr Metab 2003;47:107-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purchas R. Concentrations of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in raw and cooked New Zealand beef and lamb. J Food Compos Anal 2007;20:90-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad JG, Chyu KJ. Competitive protein-binding radioassay for 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971;33:992-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp TCB, Round JM, Haddad JG. Effect of oral vitamin D, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) and whole-body ultra-violet irradiation on plasma 25-HCC levels in man. Clin Sci 1973;44:3-4P
   Google Scholar
• Stamp TCB. Intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol. The Lancet 1974;2:121-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad JG Jr, Stamp TCB. Circulating 25-hydroxyviamin D in man. Am J Med 1974;57:57-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsey R, DeLuca HF, Potts JT Jr. Competitive binding assay for vitamin D and 25-OH vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1971;33:554-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JE, Goodman DS. The turnover and transport of vitamin D and of a polar metabolite with the properties of 25-hydroxy-cholecalciferol in human plasma. J Clin Invest 1971;50:2159-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bec P, Bayard F, Louvet JP. 25-hydroxycholecalciferol dynamics in human plasma. Rev Eur Etud Clin Biol 1972;17:793-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haddad JG Jr, Rojanasathit S. Acute administration of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;42:284-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamp TCB, Haddad JG Jr, Twigg CA. Comparison of oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol, vitamin D, and ultraviolet light as determinants of circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Lancet 1977;1:1341-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollis BW, Conrad HR, Hibbs JW. Changes in plasma 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and selected blood parameters after injection of massive doses of cholecalciferol in non-lactating dairy cows. J Nutr 1977;107:606-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, et al. Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:222-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vicchio D, Yergey A, O’Brien K, et al. Quantification and kinetics of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by isotope dilution liquid chromatography/thermospray mass spectrometry. Biol Mass Spectrometry 1993;22:53-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones KS, Schoenmakers I, Bluck LJ, et al. Plasma appearance and disappearance of an oral dose of 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 in healthy adults. Br J Nutr 2012;107:1128-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca HF. Overview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;80(Suppl):1689-96S
   Google Scholar
• Imawari M, Kida K, Goodman DS. The transport of vitamin D and its 25-hydroxy metabolite in human plasma: isolation and partial characterization of vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D binding protein. J Clin Invest 1976;58:514-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horst RL, Shepard RM, Jorgensen NA, et al. The determination of the vitamin D metabolites on a single plasma sample: changes during parturition in dairy cows. Arch Biochem Biophys 1979;192:512-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorham ED, Garland CF, Garland FC, et al. Optimal vitamin D status for colorectal cancer prevention: A quantitative meta analysis. Am J Prev Med 2007;32:210-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garland CF, Gorham ED, Mohr SB, et al. Vitamin D and prevention of breast cancer: pooled analysis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2007;103:708-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Rhee H, Coebergh JW, de Vries E. Is prevention of cancer by sun exposure more than just the effect of vitamin D? A systematic review of epidemiological studies. Eur J Cancer 2013;49:1422-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stivelman E, Retnakaran R. Role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2012;8:42-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weinstock-Guttman B, Mehta BK, Ramanathan M, et al. Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis. Neurologist 2012;18:179-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson-Hughes B. Calcium supplementation and bone loss: a review of controlled clinical trials. Am J Clin Nutr Suppl 1991;54:274-80S
   Google Scholar
• Nordin BEC. Cancium and osteoporosis. Nutrition 1997;13:664-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock M, Hordon L. Femoral fracture: the role of vitamin D. In: Kleerekoper M, Krane SM (eds). Clinical disorders of bone and mineral metabolism. New York: Mary Ann Liebert, 1989:265-71
   Google Scholar
• Riggs BL, Melton LJI. Clinical heterogeneity of involutional osteoporosis: implications for preventive therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990;70:1229-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Delmas PD, et al. Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol treatment for three years on hip fractures in elderly women. Br Med J 1994;308:1081-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trivedi DP, Doll R, Khaw KT. Effect of four monthly oral vitamin D3 (cholcalciferol) supplementation on fractures and mortality in men and women living in the community: randomised double blind controlled trial. Br Med J 2003;326:469-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson RD, LaCroix AZ, Gass M, et al. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. N Engl J Med 2006;354:669-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn TJ, Halstead LR, Teitelbaum SL, et al. Altered mineral metabolism in glucocorticoid-induced osteopenua. Effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D administration. J Clin Invest 1979;64:655-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francis RM, Peacock M, Storer JH, et al. Calcium malasorption in the elderly: the effect of treatment with oral 25-hydroxyvitamin D3. Eur J Clin Invest 1983;13:391-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barger-Lux MJ, Heaney RP, Dowell S, et al. Vitamin D and its major metabolites: serum levels after graded oral dosing in healthy men. Osteoporos Int 1998;8:222-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M, et al. Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:3011-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa M, Lainez P, Arbelo A, et al. The effect of 25-hydroxyvitamin D on the bone mineral metabolism of elderly women with hip fracture. Rheumatology 2000;39:1263-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalli L, Cavalli T, Marcucci G, et al. Biological effects of various regimens of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (calcidiol) administration on bone mineral metabolism in postmenopausal women. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2009;6:169-73
   Google Scholar
• Russo S, Carlucci L, Cipriani C, et al. Metabolic changes following 500 ug monthly administration of calcidiol: a study in normal females. Calcif Tissue Int 2011;89:252-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Stoklin E, et al. Oral supplementation with 25(OH)D3 versus vitamin D3: effects on 25(OH)D3 levels, lower extremity function, blood pressure, and markers of innate immunity. J Bone Miner Res 2012;27:160-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarroni P, Villa I, Mrak E, et al. Microarray analysis of 1,25(OH)2D3 regulated gene expression in human primary osteoblasts. J Cell Biochem 2012;113:640-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petta S, Cammà C, Scazzone C, et al. Low vitamin D serum levels in related to severe fibrosis and low responsiveness to interferon-based therapy in genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology 2010;51:1158-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamed SA. Influences of bone and mineral metabolism in epilepsy. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011;10:265-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compston JE, Creamer B. Plasma levels and intestinal absorption of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in patients with small bowel resection. Gut 1977;18:171-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batchelor AJ, Watson G, Compston JE. Changes in plasma half-life and clearance of 3H-25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in patients with intestinal malasorption. Gut 1982;23:1068-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies M, Mawer EB, Krawitt EL. Comparative absorption of vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in intestinal disease. Gut 1980;21:287-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daum F, Rosen JF, Roginsky M, et al. 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol in the management of rickets associated with extrahepatic biliary atresia. J Pediatr 1976;88:1041-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud J, Naud J, Ouimet D, et al. Reduced hepatic synthesis of calcidiol in uremia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:1488-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jean G, Terrat J-C, Vanel T, et al. Daily oral 25-hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation for vitamin D deficiency in hemodialysis patients: effects on mineral metabolism and bone markers. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2008;23:3670-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Gayk H, Grawunder C, Tschope W, et al. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in nephritic syndrome. Lancet 1977;2:105-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-delgado I, Prieto S, Gil-Fraguas L, et al. Calcitonin, etidronate, and calcidiol treatment in bone loss after cardiac transplantation. Calcif Tissue Int 1997;60:155-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talalaj M, Gradowska L, Marcinowska-Suchiowierska E, et al. Efficiency of preventive treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and calcium in kidney transplant patients. Transplant Proc 1996;28:3485-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avioli LV, Birge Sj, Lee SW. Effects of prednisone on vitamin D metabolism in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968;28:1341-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carre M, Ajigebe O, Miravet L, Rasmussen H. The effect of prednisolone upon the metabolism and action of 25-hydroxy and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71:2996-3000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mutair AN, Nasrat GH, Russell DW. Mutation of the CYP2R1 vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in a Saudi Arabian family with severe vitamin D deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:E2022-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foresta C, Strapazzon G, De Toni L, et al. Bone mineral density and testicular failure: evidence for a role of vitamin D 25-hydroxylase in human testis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:E646-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caraceni MP, Gandolini GG, Campanini F, et al. Vitamin D metabolites in spasmophilia. Biomed Pharmacother 1990;44:479-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar