Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia - The Role of Clozapine

References

• Amsler H A, Teerenhovi L, Bartha E, Harjula K, Vuopio P. Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine: a study of the Finnish epidemic. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1977; 56: 214–2481. Amsler H A, Teerenhovi L, Bartha E, Harjula K, Vuopio P. Agranulocytosis in patients treated with clozapine: a study of the Finnish epidemic. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1977; 56: 214–248
   Google Scholar
• Andreasen N C. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). University of Iowa, Iowa City IA 19832. Andreasen N C. The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). University of Iowa, Iowa CityIA 1983
   Google Scholar
• Angst J, Jaenicke U, Padrutt A, Scharfetter C H. Ergbnisse eines Doppel-bindversuches von HF-1854 (8-chlor-I 1–[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-5-H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]- diazepin) im vergleich zo levomepromazin. Pharmakopsychiatrie 1971; 4: 192–2003. Angst J, Jaenicke U, Padrutt A, Scharfetter C H. Ergbnisse eines Doppel-bindversuches von HF-1854 (8-chlor-I 1–[4-methyl-1-piperazinyl]-5-H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]- diazepin) im vergleich zo levomepromazin. Pharmakopsychiatrie 1971; 4: 192–200
   Google Scholar
• Breier A, Schreiber J L, Dyer J, Pickar D. National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatiy 1991; 48: 239–2464. Breier A, Schreiber J L, Dyer J, Pickar D. National Institute of Mental Health longitudinal study of chronic schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatiy 1991; 48: 239–246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breier A, Buchanan R W, Kirkpatrick B, David O R, Irish D, Summerfelt A, Carpenter W T, Jr. Effects of clozapine on positive and negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994; 151: 20–265. Breier A, Buchanan R W, Kirkpatrick B, David O R, Irish D, Summerfelt A, Carpenter W T, Jr. Effects of clozapine on positive and negative symptoms in outpatients with schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994; 151: 20–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan R W, Holstein C, Breier A. The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance. Bio Psychiatry 1994; 36: 717–7256. Buchanan R W, Holstein C, Breier A. The comparative efficacy and long-term effect of clozapine treatment on neuropsychological test performance. Bio Psychiatry 1994; 36: 717–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter W T, Jr, Conley R R, Buchanan R W, Breier A, Tamminga C A. Patient response and resource management: another view of clozapine treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 827–8327. Carpenter W T, Jr, Conley R R, Buchanan R W, Breier A, Tamminga C A. Patient response and resource management: another view of clozapine treatment of schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 827–832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey D E. Clozapine: neuroleptic-induced EPS and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99(Suppl)S47–S538. Casey D E. Clozapine: neuroleptic-induced EPS and tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99(Suppl)S47–S53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claas F H. Drug-induced agranulocytosis: review of possible mechanisms, and prospects for clozapine studies. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99(Suppl)S113–S1179. Claas F H. Drug-induced agranulocytosis: review of possible mechanisms, and prospects for clozapine studies. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99(Suppl)S113–S117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Claghorn J, Honigfeld G, Abuzzahab F S, Wang R, Steinbook R, Tuason V, Klerman G. The risks and benefits of clozapine versus chlorpromazine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 377–38410. Claghorn J, Honigfeld G, Abuzzahab F S, Wang R, Steinbook R, Tuason V, Klerman G. The risks and benefits of clozapine versus chlorpromazine. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol 1987; 7: 377–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis J M, Casper R. Antipsychotic drugs: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 1977; 14: 260–28211. Davis J M, Casper R. Antipsychotic drugs: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 1977; 14: 260–282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake G E, Gates C, Whitaker A, Cotton P G. Suicide among schizophrenics: a review. Comp. Psychiatry 1985; 26: 90–10012. Drake G E, Gates C, Whitaker A, Cotton P G. Suicide among schizophrenics: a review. Comp. Psychiatry 1985; 26: 90–100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekblom B, Haggstrom J E. Clozapine (Leponex) compared with chlorpromazine: a double-blind evaluation of pharmacological and clinical properties. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 1974; 16: 945–95713. Ekblom B, Haggstrom J E. Clozapine (Leponex) compared with chlorpromazine: a double-blind evaluation of pharmacological and clinical properties. Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp. 1974; 16: 945–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essock S M, Hargreaves W A, Dohm F-A., Goethe J, Carver L, Hipshman L. Clozapine eligibility among state hospital patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1996; 22: 15–2514. Essock S M, Hargreaves W A, Dohm F-A., Goethe J, Carver L, Hipshman L. Clozapine eligibility among state hospital patients. Schizophr. Bull. 1996; 22: 15–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher-Cornelssen K A, Ferner U J, Steiner H. Multifokale Psychopharmaka-prufung ('Multi-hospital Trial'). Arzneimittel-Forschung 1974; 24: 1706–172415. Fisher-Cornelssen K A, Ferner U J, Steiner H. Multifokale Psychopharmaka-prufung ('Multi-hospital Trial'). Arzneimittel-Forschung 1974; 24: 1706–1724
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedman L, Knutson L, Shurell M, Meltzer H Y. Prefrontal sulcal prominence is inversely related to response to clozapine in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 1991; 29: 865–87716. Friedman L, Knutson L, Shurell M, Meltzer H Y. Prefrontal sulcal prominence is inversely related to response to clozapine in schizophrenia. Biol. Psychiatry 1991; 29: 865–877
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelenberg A J, Doller J C. Clozapine versus chlorpromazine for the treatment of schizophrenia: preliminary results from a double-blind study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1979; 40: 238–24017. Gelenberg A J, Doller J C. Clozapine versus chlorpromazine for the treatment of schizophrenia: preliminary results from a double-blind study. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1979; 40: 238–240
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg T E, Greenberg R D, Griffin S J, Gold J M, Kleinman J E, Pickar D, Schulz S C, Weinberg D R. The effect of clozapine on cognition and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1993; 162: 43–4818. Goldberg T E, Greenberg R D, Griffin S J, Gold J M, Kleinman J E, Pickar D, Schulz S C, Weinberg D R. The effect of clozapine on cognition and psychiatric symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiatry 1993; 162: 43–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grace J, Bellus S B, Raulin M L, Herz M I, Priest B L, Brenner V, Donelly K, Smith P, Gunn S. Long-term impact of clozapine and psychosocial treatment on psychiatric symptoms and social functioning. Psychiatric Services 1996; 47: 41–4519. Grace J, Bellus S B, Raulin M L, Herz M I, Priest B L, Brenner V, Donelly K, Smith P, Gunn S. Long-term impact of clozapine and psychosocial treatment on psychiatric symptoms and social functioning. Psychiatric Services 1996; 47: 41–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirguis E, Voineskos G, Gray J, Schlieman E. Clozapine (Leponex) vs. chlorpromazine (Largactil) in acute schizophrenia (a double-blind controlled study). Curr. Ther. Res 1977; 21: 707–71920. Guirguis E, Voineskos G, Gray J, Schlieman E. Clozapine (Leponex) vs. chlorpromazine (Largactil) in acute schizophrenia (a double-blind controlled study). Curr. Ther. Res 1977; 21: 707–719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology (ed.). DHEW Pub. No. (ADM) 76–338, National Institute of Mental Health, Rockville MD 197621. Guy W. ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology (ed.). DHEW Pub. No. (ADM) 76–338, National Institute of Mental Health, RockvilleMD 1976
   Google Scholar
• Hagger C, Buckley P, Kenny J T, Friedman L, Ubogy D, Meltzer H Y. Improvement in cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine. Biol. Psychiatry 1993; 34: 702–71222. Hagger C, Buckley P, Kenny J T, Friedman L, Ubogy D, Meltzer H Y. Improvement in cognitive functions and psychiatric symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenic patients receiving clozapine. Biol. Psychiatry 1993; 34: 702–712
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegarty J D, Baldessarini R J, Tohen M, Waternaux C, Oepen G. One hundred years of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the outcome literature. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994; 151(10)1409–141623. Hegarty J D, Baldessarini R J, Tohen M, Waternaux C, Oepen G. One hundred years of schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of the outcome literature. Am. J. Psychiatry 1994; 151(10)1409–1416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs D W, Hanlon T E, Carpenter W T, Jr. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophr. Bull. 1984; 10: 388–39624. Heinrichs D W, Hanlon T E, Carpenter W T, Jr. The Quality of Life Scale: an instrument for rating the schizophrenic deficit syndrome. Schizophr. Bull. 1984; 10: 388–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helgason L. Twenty years' followup of first psychiatric presentation for schizophrenia: what could have been prevented?. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1990; 81: 231–23525. Helgason L. Twenty years' followup of first psychiatric presentation for schizophrenia: what could have been prevented?. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1990; 81: 231–235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juarez-Reyes M G, Shumway M, Battle C, Bacchetti P, Hansen M S, Hargreaves W A. Restricting clozapine use: the impact of stringent eligibility criteria. Psychiatric Services 1995; 46: 801–80626. Juarez-Reyes M G, Shumway M, Battle C, Bacchetti P, Hansen M S, Hargreaves W A. Restricting clozapine use: the impact of stringent eligibility criteria. Psychiatric Services 1995; 46: 801–806
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H Y. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch. Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 789–79627. Kane J, Honigfeld G, Singer J, Meltzer H Y. Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic: a double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch. Gen Psychiatry 1988; 45: 789–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M A, Hagger C, Thompson P, Meltzer H Y. Effects of clozapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1994; 55(Suppl. B)91–9328. Lee M A, Hagger C, Thompson P, Meltzer H Y. Effects of clozapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. J. Clin. Psychiatry 1994; 55(Suppl. B)91–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lieberman J, Jody D, Geisler S, Alvir J, Loebel A. Time course and biological correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993; 50: 369–37629. Lieberman J, Jody D, Geisler S, Alvir J, Loebel A. Time course and biological correlates of treatment response in first-episode schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1993; 50: 369–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindström L H. The effect of long-term treatment with clozapine in schizophrenia: a retrospective study in 96 patients treated with clozapine for up to 13 years. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1988; 77: 524–52930. Lindström L H. The effect of long-term treatment with clozapine in schizophrenia: a retrospective study in 96 patients treated with clozapine for up to 13 years. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1988; 77: 524–529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebel A D, Lieberman J A, Alvin J, Jr, Mayerhoff D I, Geisler S H, Szymanski S R. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1183–118831. Loebel A D, Lieberman J A, Alvin J, Jr, Mayerhoff D I, Geisler S H, Szymanski S R. Duration of psychosis and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1992; 149: 1183–1188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macmillan J F, Crow T, Johnson A L, Johnstone E C. Short-term outcome in trial entrants and trial eligible patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 1986; 148: 128–13332. Macmillan J F, Crow T, Johnson A L, Johnstone E C. Short-term outcome in trial entrants and trial eligible patients. Br. J. Psychiatry 1986; 148: 128–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May P R, Tuma A H, Yale C, Potepan P, Dixon W J. Schizophrenia - a follow-up study of results of treatment. II: Hospital stay over two to five years. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1976; 33: 481–48633. May P R, Tuma A H, Yale C, Potepan P, Dixon W J. Schizophrenia - a follow-up study of results of treatment. II: Hospital stay over two to five years. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1976; 33: 481–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y. Commentary: defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1990; 16: 563–56534. Meltzer H Y. Commentary: defining treatment refractoriness in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1990; 16: 563–565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y. Dimensions of outcome with clozapine. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992; 160(Suppl. 17)46–5335. Meltzer H Y. Dimensions of outcome with clozapine. Br. J. Psychiatry 1992; 160(Suppl. 17)46–53
   Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y. Is another view valid?. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 821–82536. Meltzer H Y. Is another view valid?. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 821–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Goode D J, Schyve P M, Young M, Fang V S. Effect of clozapine on human serum prolactin levels. Am. J. Psychiatry 1979; 136: 1550–155537. Meltzer H Y, Goode D J, Schyve P M, Young M, Fang V S. Effect of clozapine on human serum prolactin levels. Am. J. Psychiatry 1979; 136: 1550–1555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Luchins D J. Effect of clozapine in severe tardive dyskinesia: A case report. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol 1984; 4: 286–28738. Meltzer H Y, Luchins D J. Effect of clozapine in severe tardive dyskinesia: A case report. J. Clin. Psychopharmacol 1984; 4: 286–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Bastani B, Kwon K Y, Ramirez L F, Burnett S, Sharpe J. A prospective study of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. I. Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99(Suppl)S68–S7239. Meltzer H Y, Bastani B, Kwon K Y, Ramirez L F, Burnett S, Sharpe J. A prospective study of clozapine in treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. I. Preliminary report. Psychopharmacology 1989; 99(Suppl)S68–S72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Burnett S, Bastani B, Ramirez L F. Effect of six months of clozapine treatment on the quality of life of chronic schizophrenic patients. Hosp. Comm. Psychiatry 1990; 41: 892–89740. Meltzer H Y, Burnett S, Bastani B, Ramirez L F. Effect of six months of clozapine treatment on the quality of life of chronic schizophrenic patients. Hosp. Comm. Psychiatry 1990; 41: 892–897
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Cola P, Way L, Thompson P A, Bastani B, Davies M A, Snitz B. Cost effectiveness of clozapine in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1630–163841. Meltzer H Y, Cola P, Way L, Thompson P A, Bastani B, Davies M A, Snitz B. Cost effectiveness of clozapine in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1630–1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Okayli G. Reduction of suicidality during clozapine treatment in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia: Impact on risk-benefit assessment. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 183–19042. Meltzer H Y, Okayli G. Reduction of suicidality during clozapine treatment in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia: Impact on risk-benefit assessment. Am. J. Psychiatry 1995; 152: 183–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Lee M A, Ranjan R, Mason E D, Cola P A. Relapse following clozapine withdrawal: effect of cyproheptadine plus neuroleptic. Psychopharmacol 1996; 124: 176–18743. Meltzer H Y, Lee M A, Ranjan R, Mason E D, Cola P A. Relapse following clozapine withdrawal: effect of cyproheptadine plus neuroleptic. Psychopharmacol 1996; 124: 176–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meltzer H Y, Rabinowitz J, Lee M A, Cola P A, Ranjan R, Findling R, Thompson P A. Age at onset and gender of schizophrenic patients in relation to neuroleptic resistance. Am. J. Psychiatry 1997; 154: 475–48244. Meltzer H Y, Rabinowitz J, Lee M A, Cola P A, Ranjan R, Findling R, Thompson P A. Age at onset and gender of schizophrenic patients in relation to neuroleptic resistance. Am. J. Psychiatry 1997; 154: 475–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller D D, Perry P J, Cadoret R J, Andreasen N C. Clozapine's effects on negative symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenics. Comp. Psychiatry 1994; 35: 8–1545. Miller D D, Perry P J, Cadoret R J, Andreasen N C. Clozapine's effects on negative symptoms in treatment-refractory schizophrenics. Comp. Psychiatry 1994; 35: 8–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahunek K, Rodova A, Svestka J, Icamenicka V, Ceskova E, Misurec J. Clinical experience with clozapine in endogenous depression. Activ. New. Sup. (Praha) 1973; 15: 10246. Nahunek K, Rodova A, Svestka J, Icamenicka V, Ceskova E, Misurec J. Clinical experience with clozapine in endogenous depression. Activ. New. Sup. (Praha) 1973; 15: 102
   Google Scholar
• National Alliance for the Mentally Ill. Newsletter July, 198647. National Alliance for the Mentally Ill. Newsletter July, 1986
   Google Scholar
• Overall J E, Gorham D R. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports 1962; 10: 149–16548. Overall J E, Gorham D R. Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Psychological Reports 1962; 10: 149–165
   Google Scholar
• Pickar D, Owen R R, Litman R E, Konicki P E, Gutierrez L, Rapaport M H. Clinical and biological response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992; 49: 345–35349. Pickar D, Owen R R, Litman R E, Konicki P E, Gutierrez L, Rapaport M H. Clinical and biological response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1992; 49: 345–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Povlsen U J, Noring U, Fog R, Gerlach J. Tolerability and therapeutic effect of clozapine: a retrospective investigation of 216 patients treated with clozapine for up to 12 years. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1985; 71: 176–18550. Povlsen U J, Noring U, Fog R, Gerlach J. Tolerability and therapeutic effect of clozapine: a retrospective investigation of 216 patients treated with clozapine for up to 12 years. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 1985; 71: 176–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranjan R, Meltzer H Y. Acute and long term effectiveness of clozapine in treatment-resistant psychotic depression. Biol. Psychiatry 1996; 40(4)253–25851. Ranjan R, Meltzer H Y. Acute and long term effectiveness of clozapine in treatment-resistant psychotic depression. Biol. Psychiatry 1996; 40(4)253–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid W H, Mason M, Toprac M. Savings in hospital bed-days related to treatment with clozapine. Hosp. Comm. Psychiatry 1994; 45: 261–26452. Reid W H, Mason M, Toprac M. Savings in hospital bed-days related to treatment with clozapine. Hosp. Comm. Psychiatry 1994; 45: 261–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Revicki D A, Luce B R, Wechsler J M, Brown R E, Adler M A. Cost-effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Hosp. Comm. Psychiatry 1990; 41: 850–85453. Revicki D A, Luce B R, Wechsler J M, Brown R E, Adler M A. Cost-effectiveness of clozapine for treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients. Hosp. Comm. Psychiatry 1990; 41: 850–854
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmutz J, Eichenberger E. Clozapine. Chronicles in Drug Discovery, J S Bindra, D Lednicer. Wiley, New York 1982; Vol. 1: 39–5854. Schmutz J, Eichenberger E. Clozapine. Chronicles in Drug Discovery, J S Bindra, D Lednicer. Wiley, New York 1982; Vol. 1: 39–58
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1987; 150: 331–34455. Scottish Schizophrenia Research Group. The Scottish First Episode Schizophrenia Study. Br. J. Psychiatry 1987; 150: 331–344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shopsin B, Klein H, Aaronsom M, Collora M. Clozapine, chlorpromazine, and placebo in newly hospitalized, acutely schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1979; 36: 657–66456. Shopsin B, Klein H, Aaronsom M, Collora M. Clozapine, chlorpromazine, and placebo in newly hospitalized, acutely schizophrenic patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1979; 36: 657–664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer K, Law S K. A double-blind comparison of clozapine (Leponex) and chlorpromazine in schizophrenia of acute symptomatology. J. Intern. Med. Res. 1974; 2: 433–43557. Singer K, Law S K. A double-blind comparison of clozapine (Leponex) and chlorpromazine in schizophrenia of acute symptomatology. J. Intern. Med. Res. 1974; 2: 433–435
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoudemire A, Thompson T. Medication noncompliance: systematic approaches to evaluation and intervention. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1983; 5: 233–23958. Stoudemire A, Thompson T. Medication noncompliance: systematic approaches to evaluation and intervention. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 1983; 5: 233–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss J S, Carpenter W T, Jr. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. I. Characteristics of outcome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1972; 27: 739–74659. Strauss J S, Carpenter W T, Jr. The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. I. Characteristics of outcome. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 1972; 27: 739–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandon R, Goldman R, DeQuardo J R, Goldman M, Perez M, Jibson M. Positive and negative symptoms covary during clozapine treatment in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1993; 27: 341–34760. Tandon R, Goldman R, DeQuardo J R, Goldman M, Perez M, Jibson M. Positive and negative symptoms covary during clozapine treatment in schizophrenia. J. Psychiatr. Res. 1993; 27: 341–347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyatt R J. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1991; 17: 325–35161. Wyatt R J. Neuroleptics and the natural course of schizophrenia. Schizophr. Bull. 1991; 17: 325–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley, et al. 1998, In preparation62. Conley, et al. 1998, In preparation
   Google Scholar